英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. 1. Miracle Question: “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988) 2. Presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?” 3. Exception Questions: Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? What was it about that day that made it a better day? Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? 4. Scaling Questions: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. 5. Coping Questions: “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?” The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions. During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress. A method has developed from the Miracle Question entitled, The Miracle Method. The steps follow below (Miller & Berg, 1996). It was designed for combatting problematic drinking but is useful in all areas of change. State your desire for something in your life to be different. Envision a miracle happening, and your life IS different. Make sure the miracle is important to you. Keep the miracle small. Define the change with language that is positive, specific, and behavioral. State how you will start your journey, rather than how you will end it. Be clear about who, where, and when, but not the why. Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和因苏·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于目标导向的提问，以帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者问题。它也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善方向有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们当前问题的未来。通过指导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注生活中问题不存在的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的情况。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始小步寻找当前问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验中有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题中有效和无效的部分。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，找出初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于当前问题的治疗信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向和目标导向的。其意图是通过引导来访者走向希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极改变的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和提高幸福感所需做出的改变。1. 奇迹问题：“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹是把你带到这里的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，把你带到这里的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）2. 预设改变问题：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有崩溃？”3. 例外问题：告诉我你不生气的时候。告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。你上次感觉更好的一天是什么时候？有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？4. 量表问题：“在1-10的量表上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的改变的承诺。5. 应对问题：“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”SFBT背后的主要思想是，这些技术是积极和解决方案导向的，让来访者在治疗中花费短暂的时间。总体而言，提高每个来访者的生活质量，以他们为中心，掌握自己成长的主动权。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会话。在会话中，设定目标。探索具体的实验行动，并将其部署到来访者的日常生活中。通过跟踪什么有效以及需要调整的地方，来访者能更好地跟踪自己的进展。从奇迹问题发展出一种方法，称为奇迹方法。步骤如下（Miller & Berg, 1996）。它最初设计用于对抗问题饮酒，但在所有改变领域都有用。陈述你希望生活中某些方面不同的愿望。设想一个奇迹发生，你的生活确实不同。确保这个奇迹对你很重要。保持奇迹小。用积极、具体和行为的语言定义改变。陈述你将如何开始旅程，而不是如何结束它。明确谁、在哪里和何时，而不是为什么。焦点解决疗法是一种让来访者掌握解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何产生的传统心理治疗不同，SFT允许以目标导向的方式解决问题。这种方法允许面向未来，而不是面向过去的讨论，推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作解决问题的机会，可以拓宽思维。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，让人们探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心理念、技术及其在冲突管理中的应用。SFT强调目标导向，通过奇迹问题、例外问题、量表问题等技术，帮助来访者聚焦解决方案而非问题本身。文章详细阐述了SFT的七种关键技术，包括目标澄清、照亮例外、奇迹问题、实验邀请等，并提供了具体示例。这些技术旨在提升来访者的希望感和乐观态度，促进积极改变。SFT已成功应用于抑郁、关系困难、愤怒管理等多个领域，尤其在冲突管理中，通过目标导向干预，帮助个体构建合作解决问题的路径，增强自我效能感。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄工具箱，里面装满了帮助人们解决争吵和问题的好方法。它不会一直问“为什么你吵架了”，而是问“如果明天早上醒来，吵架神奇地消失了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样，我们就能一起找到让事情变好的小步骤。比如，当你和同学闹矛盾时，老师可能会问：“有没有一次你们没有吵架，玩得很开心？”然后，我们一起想想那次发生了什么，怎么让那种开心时刻更多。这就像在黑暗中找到一束光，然后让光越来越亮！
焦点解决心理学理论评价：焦点解决疗法（SFT）体现了焦点解决心理学中“解决方案导向”和“资源导向”的核心原则。它赞美来访者内在的智慧和能力，通过奇迹问题等技术，将焦点从问题转移到未来可能性上。这种方法强调“例外”的存在，即问题不发生的时刻，从而构建解决方案的基础。SFT的目标导向干预，如量表问题和预设改变问题，促进了来访者的自我反思和积极行动，符合焦点解决心理学中“小改变带来大不同”的理念。它避免了病理化标签，而是聚焦于赞美来访者的努力和进步，增强了他们的自我效能感和希望感。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法在冲突管理中具有广泛应用潜力，可以解决以下十个问题：1. 家庭争吵，通过目标澄清促进和谐沟通；2. 职场冲突，利用例外问题找到合作解决方案；3. 学校欺凌，通过奇迹问题构建安全环境；4. 社区纠纷，应用量表问题评估进展；5. 团队合作障碍，使用实验邀请激发创新；6. 人际关系紧张，通过应对问题增强韧性；7. 情绪管理困难，利用预设改变问题培养乐观；8. 决策冲突，应用目标导向技术达成共识；9. 文化差异引发的矛盾，通过赞美多样性促进理解；10. 长期冲突循环，使用SFT技术打破僵局，创造新的互动模式。这些应用展现了焦点解决疗法在提升个人和集体福祉方面的强大能力。