英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. 1. Miracle Question: “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988) 2. Presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?” 3. Exception Questions: Examples include: Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? What was it about that day that made it a better day? Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? 4. Scaling Questions: An example: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. 5. Coping Questions: “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和因苏·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于多种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对什么能改善他们的生活有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用SFT：抑郁、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的方法。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始小步迈向寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。该信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向的立场。其意图是通过引导来访者走向希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路，从而实现视角转变。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需的变化。1. 奇迹问题：“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹是把你带到这里的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，把你带到这里的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）2. 预设变化问题：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有瓦解？”3. 例外问题：例如：告诉我你不生气的时候。告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。上次你感觉有更好的一天是什么时候？有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？4. 量表问题：例如：“在1-10的量表上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。5. 应对问题：“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别强调目标导向提问在在线咨询中的适应性。SFT由德·沙泽尔和伯格发展，专注于来访者的解决问题能力而非问题根源，已成功应用于抑郁、关系困难等多种领域。关键技术包括目标澄清、照亮例外、奇迹问题、实验邀请和咨询休息。文章详细阐述了五种关键提问技巧：奇迹问题帮助设想无问题的未来；预设变化问题探索避免灾难的方法；例外问题关注问题不存在的时刻；量表问题评估当前状态和动机；应对问题强调来访者的韧性。这些技巧在在线SFBT会话中可通过视频、聊天等工具灵活调整，促进积极变化和未来导向的解决方案。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄训练营，它不一直盯着你的问题看，而是教你发现自己的超能力去打败问题！比如，它会问你：“如果明天早上醒来，问题突然消失了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样你就能想象出美好的未来。或者问你：“上次你感觉特别开心是什么时候？”帮你找到快乐的小秘诀。还有打分问题，比如“从1到10，你今天感觉几分？”让你看到自己的进步。这些方法让你变得更强大，相信自己能解决问题！ 焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学视角看，这篇文章精彩地展示了SFT如何通过目标导向提问赋能来访者。它赞美了来访者内在的资源和韧性，如例外问题照亮了问题不存在的时刻，这体现了“问题不是一直存在”的核心理念。奇迹问题引导来访者从未来可能性出发，而非沉溺于过去问题，这与SFBT的未来导向原则高度一致。量表问题不仅评估现状，更通过后续提问（如“为什么是四而不是五？”）激发来访者对积极变化的觉察和承诺。整体上，文章强调了合作性和希望感，这正是焦点解决疗法赞美来访者能力、聚焦解决方案而非问题的精髓所在。 在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法可广泛应用于在线心理咨询、教育辅导、职场 coaching、家庭关系改善、个人成长工作坊等领域。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 帮助人们设定清晰可实现的生活目标；2. 提升应对压力和焦虑的韧性；3. 改善人际关系中的沟通和冲突解决；4. 增强自信心和自我效能感；5. 促进情绪调节和积极心态培养；6. 支持职业发展和工作满意度提升；7. 协助成瘾行为的管理和改变；8. 缓解抑郁和孤独感；9. 提高学习动力和学业表现；10. 增强家庭和谐与亲子互动质量。这些应用都聚焦于赞美个人优势、探索未来可能性，并鼓励小步前进的积极改变。