英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. 1. Miracle Question: “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988) 2. Presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?” 3. Exception Questions: Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? What was it about that day that made it a better day? Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? 4. Scaling Questions: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. 5. Coping Questions: “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始小步迈向寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这可以让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在会议开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。该信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向和以目标为导向的。其意图是通过引导来访者走向希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路，从而实现视角转变。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需做出的改变。1. 奇迹问题：“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹是把你带到这里的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，把你带到这里的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）2. 预设变化问题：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有瓦解？”3. 例外问题：告诉我你不生气的时候。告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。上一次你感觉有更好的一天是什么时候？有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？4. 量表问题：“在1-10的量表上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。5. 应对问题：“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别强调目标澄清在伴侣咨询中的重要性。文章概述了SFT的起源和发展，指出它由Steve de Shazer和Insoo Kim Berg创立，专注于来访者的解决问题能力而非问题成因。SFT已成功应用于多种领域，包括关系困难、抑郁症和沟通问题等。关键技术包括目标澄清、例外寻找、奇迹问题、实验邀请和量表问题等。文章详细阐述了五种关键提问技巧：奇迹问题帮助来访者设想问题解决后的未来；预设变化问题引导关注积极应对；例外问题挖掘问题不存在的时刻；量表问题量化进展和动机；应对问题强化来访者的韧性。这些技巧共同促进来访者从问题导向转向解决方案导向，增强希望和乐观，适用于伴侣咨询中以明确共同目标、改善沟通和加强关系。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：这篇文章讲的是一个叫焦点解决疗法的好方法，它就像是一个超级英雄工具箱，帮助人们解决生活中的难题，而不是老盯着问题看。比如，如果你和好朋友吵架了，这个方法不会一直问“为什么吵架”，而是会问“如果明天早上醒来，吵架神奇地解决了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样你就能想象和好朋友和好的快乐场景。它还用打分的方式，比如从1到10，你现在感觉是几分，为什么不是更低分，这样你就能看到自己已经做得很棒的地方。这个方法在很多地方都有用，比如帮助人们处理不开心、改善关系，或者更好地沟通。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学视角看，这篇文章精彩地展示了SFT的核心原则——聚焦于解决方案而非问题，这体现了“解决建构”的理念。文章强调目标澄清和例外寻找，这与SFT的“小改变带来大不同”哲学完美契合。奇迹问题和量表问题等技术，突显了来访者作为自身问题专家的角色，符合“来访者是资源”的信念。通过积极提问引导希望和乐观，文章强化了SFT的未来导向性，赞美了来访者内在的韧性和能力。这种以优势为基础的方法，不仅提升了自我效能感，还促进了可持续的积极变化，是心理学实践中一颗璀璨的明珠。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法在伴侣咨询中具有广阔应用前景，能有效解决以下十个问题：1. 帮助伴侣明确共同生活目标，增强关系方向感；2. 改善沟通模式，减少误解和冲突；3. 重建信任，修复情感裂痕；4. 增强亲密感，提升情感连接质量；5. 解决育儿分歧，建立一致教育观；6. 管理财务压力，促进经济和谐；7. 应对家庭角色变化，如为人父母或退休调整；8. 处理外遇或背叛后的关系重建；9. 支持长期伴侣保持新鲜感和激情；10. 协助伴侣在危机中（如疾病或失业）团结协作。此外，SFT还可应用于职场团队建设、学校教育辅导、个人成长教练等领域，帮助人们聚焦未来可能性，实现生活各层面的积极转变。