英文原文
Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is a strength-based approach to psychotherapy that focuses on solution-building rather than problem-solving. Unlike other forms of psychotherapy that analyze present problems and past causes, SFBT concentrates on current circumstances and future hopes. Spouses Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg developed SFBT in the 1970s and 1980s at the Brief Family Therapy Center in Milwaukee. Unlike many traditional forms of psychotherapy, SFBT is not based on any single theory and doesn't focus on a client's past. SFBT is an approach that falls under the umbrella of constructive therapies. Constructivism posits that people are meaning makers and are ultimately the creators of their own realities. The SFBT therapist believes that change in life is inevitable. Because someone creates their own reality, they may as well change for the better. In SFBT, the therapist is a skilled conversation facilitator. They do not present themselves as an expert but instead comes from a "not-knowing" point of view. Drawing upon the client's expertise in themselves, the therapist uses a variety of techniques and questions to demonstrate their strengths, resources, and desires. With the focus shifted to what is already working in a client's life, and how things will look when they are better, more room opens up for the solutions to arrive. SFBT doesn't stress about the problems but instead spotlights possible solutions. The miracle question is a technique that therapists use to assist clients to think "outside the square." It asks the client to consider life without the problem by setting up a scene where a miracle happens and the problem is gone. The exact language may vary, but the basic wording is this: "Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. But because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what might be the small change that will make you say to yourself, 'Wow, something must have happened—the problem is gone!'" Asked this way, miracle questions help clients open up to future possibilities. Exception questions allow clients to identify times when things have been different for them. Finding times when the problem wasn’t so much of a problem. Examples of exception questions include: "Tell me about times when you felt happiest." "What was it about that day that made it a better day?" "Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life?" By exploring how these exceptions happened, a therapist can empower clients to find a solution. Scaling questions invite clients to perceive their problems on a continuum. They're also a helpful way to track progress toward goals and monitor change. Generally, scales are from 1 to 10. When working with a client who is dealing with anxiety, for example, a therapist might say: "If 10 is the most anxious and 1 is the most relaxed, what number would you put yourself on right now?" Questions like these are usually followed with questions related to scaling, such as asking the client to explain why they chose the number they did and why their number is not one lower. They'll likely also ask the client how they will know they are moving up the scale. SFBT is best when a client is trying to reach a goal or overcome a particular problem. It can stand alone as a therapeutic intervention, or it can be used along with other therapy styles. It's used to treat people of all ages and a wide range of issues including addiction, child behavioral problems, and relationship problems. This form of therapy is typically not used to treat major psychiatric conditions such as psychosis and schizophrenia. The major advantage of SFBT is its brevity. SFBT is a form of "brief therapy," typically lasting between 5–8 sessions. Because of this, it is often less costly than other forms of therapy. Instead of digging into old wounds, more time is spent focusing on resolutions, which makes SFBT great for people who have a specific goal in mind and just need a little help reaching it. Research shows that SFBT can effectively: Decrease addiction severity and trauma symptoms, Decrease marital issues and marital burnout in women, Improve classroom behavioral problems in children with special education needs, Reduce externalizing behavioral problems, including conduct disorder, and conflict management, Reduce internalizing behavioral problems, such as depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. SFBT can be just as effective (sometimes even more so) than other evidence-based practices, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy. If you are looking to dissect your childhood or come upon a great deal of insight about your life's trajectory, SFBT may not be the kind of therapy you are looking for. If, however, you want laser-focused help to move into a new area of your life without getting lost in the details, SFBT may be a good fit for you. If you have an issue you can't seem to solve and think you might benefit from SFBT, you can start by asking your physician for a recommendation. If you’re seeing a mental health practitioner for other reasons, they may be able to provide a recommendation as well. Local and state mental health agencies also often have resources you can turn to. Once you have found a qualified professional, make an appointment and ensure they accept your insurance. Your first appointment will probably involve filling out the necessary paperwork, which can include details regarding your symptoms, medical history, and insurance plan.
中文翻译
焦点解决短期疗法是一种基于优势的心理治疗方法，侧重于构建解决方案而非解决问题。与其他分析当前问题和过去原因的心理疗法不同，SFBT专注于当前情况和未来希望。史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和因苏·金·伯格夫妇于20世纪70年代和80年代在密尔沃基的短期家庭治疗中心开发了SFBT。与许多传统心理疗法不同，SFBT不基于任何单一理论，也不关注来访者的过去。SFBT属于建构主义疗法范畴。建构主义认为人们是意义的创造者，最终是自己现实的创造者。SFBT治疗师相信生活中的变化是不可避免的。既然某人创造了自己的现实，他们也可以变得更好。在SFBT中，治疗师是熟练的对话促进者。他们不以专家自居，而是从“不知”的角度出发。借助来访者对自己的专业知识，治疗师使用各种技术和问题来展示他们的优势、资源和愿望。当焦点转移到来访者生活中已经有效的部分，以及情况好转时会是什么样子时，解决方案就有更多空间出现。SFBT不强调问题，而是聚焦可能的解决方案。奇迹问题是治疗师用来帮助来访者“跳出框框”思考的一种技术。它通过设定一个奇迹发生、问题消失的场景，让来访者思考没有问题的生活。具体措辞可能有所不同，但基本表述是这样的：“假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹就是你带来的问题解决了。但因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，什么样的微小变化会让你对自己说，‘哇，一定发生了什么——问题消失了！’”这样提问，奇迹问题帮助来访者对未来可能性持开放态度。例外问题让来访者识别出事情对他们来说不同的时刻。找到问题不那么严重的时刻。例外问题的例子包括：“告诉我你感到最快乐的时刻。”“那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？”“你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？”通过探索这些例外是如何发生的，治疗师可以赋能来访者找到解决方案。量表问题邀请来访者在连续体上感知他们的问题。它们也是跟踪目标进展和监控变化的有用方式。通常，量表从1到10。例如，当与处理焦虑的来访者工作时，治疗师可能会说：“如果10是最焦虑，1是最放松，你现在会把自己放在哪个数字上？”这类问题通常随后会提出与量表相关的问题，例如要求来访者解释为什么选择这个数字，以及为什么他们的数字不是更低一个。他们可能还会问来访者如何知道自己在量表上向上移动。SFBT最适合来访者试图达到目标或克服特定问题时。它可以作为独立的治疗干预，也可以与其他治疗风格一起使用。它用于治疗所有年龄段的人和广泛的问题，包括成瘾、儿童行为问题和关系问题。这种疗法通常不用于治疗主要的精神疾病，如精神病和精神分裂症。SFBT的主要优势是其简短性。SFBT是一种“短期疗法”，通常持续5-8次。因此，它通常比其他形式的疗法成本更低。与其挖掘旧伤口，更多时间花在关注解决方案上，这使得SFBT非常适合那些心中有特定目标、只需要一点帮助实现它的人。研究表明，SFBT可以有效：减少成瘾严重程度和创伤症状，减少女性的婚姻问题和婚姻倦怠，改善有特殊教育需求儿童的课堂行为问题，减少外化行为问题，包括品行障碍和冲突管理，减少内化行为问题，如抑郁、焦虑和自尊。SFBT可以与其他循证实践（如认知行为疗法和人际心理治疗）一样有效（有时甚至更有效）。如果你想剖析童年或获得大量关于人生轨迹的洞察，SFBT可能不是你寻找的那种疗法。然而，如果你想要激光聚焦的帮助，进入生活的新领域而不迷失在细节中，SFBT可能适合你。如果你有一个似乎无法解决的问题，并认为你可能从SFBT中受益，你可以先向医生寻求推荐。如果你因其他原因看心理健康从业者，他们也可能提供推荐。地方和州心理健康机构也通常有你可以求助的资源。一旦找到合格的专业人士，预约并确保他们接受你的保险。你的第一次预约可能涉及填写必要的文件，包括关于你的症状、病史和保险计划的详细信息。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决短期疗法的定义、技术、应用和有效性。SFBT是一种基于优势的心理治疗方法，由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和因苏·金·伯格开发，专注于构建解决方案而非分析问题。关键技术包括奇迹问题、例外问题和量表问题，帮助来访者想象未来、识别积极例外和跟踪进展。SFBT适用于各种问题，如成瘾、行为问题和关系问题，具有简短、成本低和高效的特点。研究显示其在减少症状和改善行为方面有效，特别适合有明确目标的个体。结合关键词“SFBT goal inquiry in adventure-based counseling”，本文强调了SFBT在冒险咨询中通过目标导向的询问，帮助来访者在挑战性环境中发现资源和解决方案的潜力。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：SFBT就像是一个超级英雄疗法，它不老是盯着你的问题看，而是帮你找到已经做得很棒的地方，然后想象如果问题突然消失了，生活会变得多美好。比如，它会问：“如果明天早上醒来，问题魔法般地解决了，你会注意到什么小变化？”这样，你就能看到未来的希望啦！
焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学视角看，SFBT体现了建构主义的核心理念，即人们是自己现实的创造者，拥有内在资源和改变能力。它通过奇迹问题、例外问题和量表问题等技术，巧妙地将焦点从问题转向解决方案，强化来访者的优势感和能动性。这种目标导向的方法不仅尊重来访者的主观经验，还激发他们对未来可能性的积极展望，符合SFBT强调的赞美、目标视角和未来可能性原则。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：SFBT在冒险咨询中特别有应用潜力，因为它能帮助个体在挑战性环境中设定和实现目标。可应用的领域包括：1. 教育领域，改善学生行为和学习动力；2. 职场环境，提升团队合作和压力管理；3. 家庭关系，增强沟通和冲突解决；4. 个人成长，培养自信和目标达成；5. 社区服务，支持社会适应和资源连接；6. 体育训练，优化表现和心态调整；7. 康复治疗，促进健康习惯养成；8. 领导力发展，加强决策和激励能力；9. 创意产业，激发创新和问题解决；10. 跨文化咨询，适应新环境和文化融合。可以解决的十个问题包括：1. 帮助人们设定清晰的生活目标；2. 增强应对焦虑和压力的能力；3. 改善人际关系中的沟通技巧；4. 提升自尊和自我效能感；5. 解决成瘾行为的复发预防；6. 管理情绪波动和抑郁症状；7. 培养积极的行为改变习惯；8. 增强在冒险活动中的风险应对；9. 促进家庭和谐与亲子互动；10. 支持职业转型和生涯规划。这些应用都聚焦于赞美个体的努力、关注目标实现和探索未来可能性，而非评判或建议。