英文原文
The Signs of Safety model of practice is a strength based approach which is rooted in solution focused therapy. This guide gives an overview of some of the different solution focused questioning techniques with examples and ideas for follow up questions, however, in any situation, your intuition as a practitioner will be the best guide of what questions to ask next. Solution focused questions are intended to help build trust with children, young people and family members, and elicit detailed information to inform your assessments and plans. This guide should be considered within the context of Appreciative Inquiry and the EARS approach.
General Points include Compliment – Acknowledge the person’s strengths and past successes; Use silence – Allow 10, 15 or 20 seconds for the person to respond avoid the temptation to fill in silence with advice; Use open ended questions – Use questions which encourage descriptive answers rather than questions that can be answered with yes or no and force someone to make a choice; Avoid why questions – ‘Why’ questions tend to generate a short response and in most cases can be rephrased to get a better quality answer; Avoid questions that are confrontational, judgemental or negatively phrased.
The guide details several types of solution focused questions with examples for families and children/young people:
Relationship questions – Intended to identify the people in the life of the children and family and the impact they have (whether this is positive or negative). Examples include "Who are you closest to in your family?" and "Who makes you feel safe? How do they do this?"
Indirect questions – Invite people to consider how other people feel about a situation or how other people would respond to some aspect of their life, their behaviour or future changes. Examples include "Has anyone ever told you that they think you have a drinking problem?" and "Why do you think your Mum might be worried about you?"
Coping questions – Help shift the focus away from the problem to look at a solution. Where people feel hopeless this can help remind them of a time when they have done something positive to make things better. Examples include "I can see how things have been really difficult for you, yet I am struck by the fact that you get up each morning and do everything necessary to get the kids off to school. How do you do that?" and "Your teacher tells me that you are up to date with your maths homework, how did you do that?"
Exception questions – Identify an occasion where a problem could have occurred but didn’t (or did occur but was less severe). The follow up questions you ask should then identify who was involved, what happened, when it happened and where, in order to understand the conditions that helped the exception to occur – avoid asking why. Examples include "Has there been a time when you were really upset about something and you didn’t have a drink?" and "Tell me about a time when you made yourself safe?"
Goal Setting questions – Will help identify things that can be changed to improve the safety/wellbeing of the child and will inform the development of the safety/wellbeing/success goals. Examples include "What do you think needs to change about the relationship you have with your children?" and "If I could invite your favourite sports figure/ superhero/actor/singer over to meet with your Mum/Dad, what would they tell your Mum/Dad to do, to make things better with you?"
Miracle Question – Provides an opportunity to talk about a future away from the current and past problems. It will help to capture the views of children, young people and family members and inform the development of the ‘Safety Goals.’ Examples include "Imagine you woke up one morning, and the problems that resulted in Children’s Services becoming involved with your family are solved, all the barriers that have prevented you from solving these problems previously are gone. What will be different that will tell you this miracle has happened so you know that the future will be positive and the problem is solved?" and "I want to ask you a strange question. Imagine that while you are fast asleep in bed tonight and everything in the house is quiet, a miracle happens. This miracle has solved the problems in your family and all your worries are gone. But, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. When you wake up in the morning what will be different that will make you realise that the miracle has happened and the problem is solved?"
中文翻译
“安全迹象”实践模式是一种基于优势的方法，植根于焦点解决治疗。本指南概述了一些不同的焦点解决提问技巧，并提供了后续问题的示例和思路，但在任何情况下，从业者的直觉都是决定下一步提问的最佳指南。焦点解决提问旨在帮助与儿童、青少年和家庭成员建立信任，并引出详细信息以告知评估和计划。本指南应在欣赏式探询和EARS方法的背景下考虑。
一般要点包括赞美——承认个人的优势和过去的成功；使用沉默——允许10、15或20秒的时间让对方回应，避免用建议填补沉默；使用开放式问题——使用鼓励描述性回答的问题，而不是可以用是或否回答并迫使某人做出选择的问题；避免“为什么”问题——“为什么”问题往往会产生简短的回答，在大多数情况下可以重新表述以获得更高质量的回答；避免对抗性、评判性或负面措辞的问题。
该指南详细介绍了焦点解决提问的几种类型，并为家庭和儿童/青少年提供了示例：
关系问题——旨在识别儿童和家庭生活中的人及其影响（无论是积极的还是消极的）。示例包括“你在家庭中最亲近谁？”和“谁让你感到安全？他们是如何做到的？”
间接问题——邀请人们考虑他人对某种情况的感受，或他人会如何回应他们生活的某些方面、行为或未来变化。示例包括“有没有人告诉过你他们认为你有饮酒问题？”和“你认为你妈妈为什么可能担心你？”
应对问题——帮助将焦点从问题转移到解决方案上。当人们感到绝望时，这可以帮助他们回忆起曾经做过积极事情来改善情况的时刻。示例包括“我能看出事情对你来说真的很困难，但我印象深刻的是你每天早上起床并完成所有必要的事情送孩子上学。你是怎么做到的？”和“你的老师告诉我你的数学作业都按时完成了，你是怎么做到的？”
例外问题——识别一个问题可能发生但没有发生（或发生了但严重程度较低）的场合。然后，后续问题应识别涉及的人、发生了什么、何时发生以及在哪里发生，以理解有助于例外发生的条件——避免问为什么。示例包括“有没有一次你真的很沮丧但没有喝酒？”和“告诉我一次你让自己安全的经历？”
目标设定问题——将帮助识别可以改变以改善儿童安全/福祉的事情，并为安全/福祉/成功目标的制定提供信息。示例包括“你认为你与孩子的关系需要改变什么？”和“如果我能邀请你最喜欢的体育人物/超级英雄/演员/歌手来见你的妈妈/爸爸，他们会告诉你的妈妈/爸爸做什么来改善与你的关系？”
奇迹问题——提供了一个谈论远离当前和过去问题的未来的机会。它将帮助捕捉儿童、青少年和家庭成员的观点，并为“安全目标”的制定提供信息。示例包括“想象一下，你一天早上醒来，导致儿童服务机构介入你家庭的问题都解决了，所有以前阻止你解决这些问题的障碍都消失了。会有什么不同让你知道这个奇迹已经发生，从而知道未来将是积极的，问题已经解决？”和“我想问你一个奇怪的问题。想象一下，当你今晚在床上熟睡，房子里一切都安静时，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹解决了你家庭中的问题，你所有的担忧都消失了。但是，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。当你早上醒来时，会有什么不同让你意识到奇迹已经发生，问题已经解决？”
文章概要
本文介绍了基于焦点解决治疗的安全迹象实践模型中的提问技术，围绕关键词“Goal formulation using appreciative inquiry in SFBT”（焦点解决短期治疗中使用欣赏式探询的目标制定），详细阐述了关系问题、间接问题、应对问题、例外问题、目标设定问题和奇迹问题等六类焦点解决提问方法，并提供了针对家庭和儿童/青少年的具体示例。这些技术旨在通过欣赏式探询帮助识别优势、建立信任、促进积极改变，并最终制定安全目标，体现了焦点解决心理学中聚焦赞美、目标导向和未来可能性的核心理念。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
这篇文章就像一本神奇的提问手册，教大人怎么用好的问题帮助家庭变得更安全、更快乐。比如，它会问“谁让你觉得最安全？”或者“想象一下，如果明天早上所有问题都像魔法一样消失了，你会看到什么不一样的事情？”这些问题不是要批评谁，而是想发现每个人身上的优点和过去做得很棒的时刻，就像寻宝一样找到让家庭更好的方法。
焦点解决心理学理论评价
这篇文章完美展现了焦点解决短期治疗的核心精神，通过欣赏式探询将目标制定转化为一场发现优势的旅程。它从赞美开始，用沉默给予空间，用开放式问题引导描述，巧妙避开“为什么”的陷阱，转而聚焦“什么”和“如何”。六类提问技术层层递进，从关系网络到间接视角，从应对资源到例外时刻，最终导向目标设定和奇迹愿景，每一步都彰显了“问题不是问题，如何解决问题才是问题”的哲学。这种以目标为导向、以优势为基础、以未来为焦点的提问体系，不仅构建了安全计划，更点燃了改变的火花，让每个家庭都能看到自己内在的力量和无限的可能性。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
这些焦点解决提问技术可以在家庭咨询、儿童保护、学校教育、社区工作和心理辅导等领域广泛应用。它们可以帮助人们解决以下十个问题：1. 改善亲子沟通和家庭关系；2. 增强儿童和青少年的安全感与自我价值感；3. 帮助家庭应对危机和压力情境；4. 识别并利用个人和家庭的内在优势；5. 制定具体可行的安全与福祉目标；6. 促进从问题视角向解决视角的转变；7. 建立信任与合作的专业关系；8. 激发对积极未来的希望和愿景；9. 处理成瘾、冲突或虐待等敏感议题；10. 支持个人和家庭在困难中保持韧性与成长动力。