英文原文
7 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques and Worksheets (+PDF)
Key Insights
* Solution-focused therapy emphasizes identifying strengths & resources to create tangible solutions rather than focusing solely on problems., * Techniques like the Miracle Question & scaling questions help clients envision positive outcomes & measure progress., * Worksheets & structured questions guide clients to set goals, track improvements & build confidence in their problem-solving abilities.,
Traditional therapy has historically been problem-focused. It has analyzed a person’s problems from where they started and how those problems have an effect on that person’s life. Out of years of observation of family therapy sessions, the theory and applications of solution-focused therapy developed. Let’s explore the therapy, along with techniques and applications of the approach.
5 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: * depression, * relationship difficulties, * drug and alcohol abuse, * eating disorders, * anger management, * communication difficulties, * crisis intervention, * incarceration recidivism reduction,
Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.
5 SFT Questions to Ask Clients
The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.
1. Miracle Question
“Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988)
2. Presupposing change questions
Here are a few examples of presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?”
3. Exception Questions
Examples of exception questions include: 1. Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. 2. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. 3. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? 4. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? 5. What was it about that day that made it a better day? 6. Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life?
4. Scaling Questions
These are questions that allow a client to rate their experience. They also allow for a client to evaluate their motivation to change their experience. Scaling questions allow for a practitioner to add a follow-up question that is in the positive as well. An example of a scaling question: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur.
5. Coping Questions
These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength. “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT Techniques)
The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions. During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress.
A Take-Home Message
Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
7种焦点解决疗法技巧与工作表（+PDF）
关键见解
* 焦点解决疗法强调识别优势和资源以创造切实的解决方案，而不是仅仅关注问题。* 奇迹问题和量表问题等技巧帮助来访者设想积极结果并衡量进展。* 工作表与结构化问题指导来访者设定目标、跟踪改进并建立解决问题的信心。
传统疗法历来以问题为中心。它分析一个人的问题从何开始以及这些问题如何影响该人的生活。经过多年对家庭治疗会议的观察，焦点解决疗法的理论和应用得以发展。让我们探索这种疗法，以及其技巧和应用。
5种焦点解决疗法技巧
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它由Steve de Shazer、Insoo Kim Berg及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展而来。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于目标导向的提问，以帮助来访者朝着未来导向的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题。它也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对其生活改善有一定了解。以下领域已使用SFT并取得不同程度的成功：* 抑郁，* 关系困难，* 药物和酒精滥用，* 饮食障碍，* 愤怒管理，* 沟通困难，* 危机干预，* 减少再犯率。
目标澄清是SFT中的重要技巧。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技巧是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者到他们生活中问题存在例外的领域。例外是尽管有问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以锻造解决方案的方法。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技巧。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题允许来访者开始小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这允许来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会议开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。
5个SFT提问来访者的问题
焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向且目标导向的。意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，允许视角转变，引导他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需的变化。
1. 奇迹问题
“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子安静，奇迹发生了。奇迹是把你带到这里的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹发生了，把你带到这里的问题解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）
2. 预设变化问题
以下是预设变化问题的几个例子：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有瓦解？”
3. 例外问题
例外问题的例子包括：1. 告诉我你不生气的时候。2. 告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。3. 上次你感觉有更好的一天是什么时候？4. 有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？5. 那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？6. 你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？
4. 量表问题
这些问题允许来访者评估他们的经历。它们还允许来访者评估他们改变经历的动机。量表问题允许从业者添加一个同样是积极的后续问题。量表问题的例子：“在1-10的量表上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题允许来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。
5. 应对问题
这类问题打开来访者的韧性。来访者是生活经验的专家。帮助他们看到什么有效，让他们从力量的地方成长。“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”
焦点解决短期疗法（SFBT技巧）
SFBT背后的主要思想是技巧是积极和解决方案导向的，以允许来访者在治疗中花费短暂的时间。总体而言，提高每个来访者的生活质量，以他们为中心，掌握他们成长的主动权。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会话。在会话期间，设定目标。探索具体的实验行动并部署到来访者的日常生活中。通过跟踪什么有效以及需要调整的地方，来访者能够更好地跟踪他或她的进展。
带回家的信息
焦点解决疗法是一种赋予来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。而不是传统心理治疗关注问题如何产生，SFT允许以目标导向的焦点解决问题。这种方法允许未来导向，而不是过去导向的讨论，推动来访者向前解决当前问题。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作的机会解决问题，允许思维拓宽能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，使人们能够探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心理念、五种关键技巧和提问方法，强调通过识别优势、设定目标导向问题来改善关系等生活问题。文章概述了奇迹问题、例外问题、量表问题等技巧，并讨论了SFT在抑郁、关系困难等领域的应用，突出其未来导向和赋能来访者的特点。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：这篇文章讲的是焦点解决疗法，就像玩游戏一样，它不一直盯着你的问题，而是帮你找找看，你什么时候已经做得很棒了！比如，它会问“如果明天早上醒来，问题突然解决了，你会看到什么不一样？”这样你就能想象出好结果，然后一步步去实现。还有，它会让你打分，比如从1到10，你现在感觉怎么样，然后想想为什么不是更低分，这样你就发现自己的进步啦！这些方法特别适合用在改善和朋友、家人的关系上，让你更开心。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学视角看，这篇文章精彩地展示了SFT的核心原则——聚焦于解决方案而非问题本身。它赞美了来访者内在的资源与能力，通过目标导向的提问如奇迹问题和例外问题，引导来访者从“问题叙事”转向“解决方案叙事”。这种未来导向的方法不仅增强了来访者的希望感和自我效能感，还促进了积极的心理资本积累。文章强调了SFT的广泛应用性，特别是在关系改善领域，这体现了焦点解决心理学对个体成长潜能的坚定信念。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法可广泛应用于个人成长、家庭关系、职场沟通等领域。具体可帮助人们解决以下十个问题：1. 提升人际关系中的沟通效果；2. 增强伴侣间的亲密感和信任；3. 改善亲子互动中的冲突管理；4. 提高团队合作中的协作效率；5. 缓解社交焦虑并建立自信；6. 应对分手或离婚后的情感调整；7. 培养朋友间的支持网络；8. 解决同事间的误解与矛盾；9. 增强家庭聚会中的和谐氛围；10. 促进社区邻里间的友好交往。这些应用都聚焦于赞美现有优势、设定明确目标并探索未来可能性，赋能个体主动创造更满意的关系体验。