英文原文
7 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques and Worksheets (+PDF)
Key Insights
* Solution-focused therapy emphasizes identifying strengths & resources to create tangible solutions rather than focusing solely on problems., * Techniques like the Miracle Question & scaling questions help clients envision positive outcomes & measure progress., * Worksheets & structured questions guide clients to set goals, track improvements & build confidence in their problem-solving abilities.,
Traditional therapy has historically been problem-focused. It has analyzed a person’s problems from where they started and how those problems have an effect on that person’s life. Out of years of observation of family therapy sessions, the theory and applications of solution-focused therapy developed. Let’s explore the therapy, along with techniques and applications of the approach.
5 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: * depression, * relationship difficulties, * drug and alcohol abuse, * eating disorders, * anger management, * communication difficulties, * crisis intervention, * incarceration recidivism reduction,
Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.
5 SFT Questions to Ask Clients
The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.
1. Miracle Question
“Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988)
2. Presupposing change questions
“What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?”
3. Exception Questions
Examples of exception questions include: 1. Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. 2. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. 3. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? 4. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? 5. What was it about that day that made it a better day? 6. Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life?
4. Scaling Questions
An example of a scaling question: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur.
5. Coping Questions
“How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT Techniques)
The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions. During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress.
A Take-Home Message
Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
7个焦点解决疗法技巧与工作表（+PDF）
关键见解
* 焦点解决疗法强调识别优势与资源以创造切实解决方案，而非仅仅关注问题。* 奇迹提问和量表提问等技巧帮助来访者设想积极结果并衡量进展。* 工作表与结构化问题指导来访者设定目标、追踪改进并建立解决问题的信心。
传统疗法历来以问题为中心。它分析一个人的问题从何开始以及这些问题如何影响该人的生活。经过多年对家庭治疗会谈的观察，焦点解决疗法的理论和应用得以发展。让我们探索这种疗法，以及其技巧和应用方法。
5个焦点解决疗法技巧
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方式，而非关注问题为何或如何产生。它由Steve de Shazer和Insoo Kim Berg及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展而来。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于目标导向的提问，以帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。焦点解决疗法因其广泛应用已成功应用于多种来访者关切领域。它也被用于多种来访者群体。该方法预设来访者对自己生活的改善方向有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用SFT：* 抑郁，* 关系困难，* 药物和酒精滥用，* 饮食障碍，* 愤怒管理，* 沟通困难，* 危机干预，* 减少再犯率。
目标澄清是SFT中的重要技巧。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关切，SFT的主要技巧是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的情况。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹提问”是SFT中常用的另一种技巧。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上构建，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验性有效的方法让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在会谈开始时学到的内容。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并获得关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。该信息通常以积极方式陈述，以便来访者带着对目标的积极导向离开。
5个SFT提问来访者的问题
焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向且目标导向的。其意图是通过引导来访者走向希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路，从而实现视角转变。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增进福祉所需做出的改变。
1. 奇迹提问
“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，奇迹发生了。这个奇迹就是你带来的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，你带来的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）
2. 预设改变问题
“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有瓦解？”
3. 例外问题
例外问题的例子包括：1. 告诉我你没有生气的时候。2. 告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。3. 上一次你感觉过得更好是什么时候？4. 有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？5. 那天是什么让它变得更好？6. 你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？
4. 量表提问
量表提问的例子：“在1-10的量表上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。
5. 应对问题
“到目前为止你是如何应对的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”
焦点解决短期治疗（SFBT技巧）
SFBT背后的主要思想是技巧是积极且以解决方案为中心的，让来访者在治疗中花费短暂时间。总体而言，提高每位来访者的生活质量，以他们为中心并掌握自己成长的主动权。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会谈。在会谈期间，设定目标。探索具体的实验性行动并部署到来访者的日常生活中。通过跟踪有效的方法和需要调整的地方，来访者能更好地追踪自己的进展。
带回家的信息
焦点解决疗法是一种让来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何衍生的传统心理治疗不同，SFT允许以目标为导向解决问题。这种方法允许面向未来而非过去的讨论，推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作解决问题的机会允许思维拓宽能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，让人们探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心理念、关键技巧和实际应用。文章强调SFT以目标为导向，关注来访者的优势和资源，而非问题本身。核心技巧包括奇迹提问、量表提问、例外问题、预设改变问题和应对问题，这些技巧帮助来访者设想积极未来、衡量进展并建立信心。文章还提到SFT在抑郁、关系困难、财务规划等多个领域的成功应用，并提供了工作表示例。整体上，SFT是一种赋能来访者、聚焦解决方案的短期治疗方法，适用于广泛的生活挑战。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：这篇文章讲的是焦点解决疗法，就像玩游戏一样，它不总盯着你的问题，而是帮你找到自己的超能力，比如你以前成功存钱的时候是怎么做到的。它会用一些有趣的问题，比如“如果明天早上奇迹发生，你的钱问题解决了，你会看到什么不同？”或者“从1到10分，你觉得今天自己的财务计划打几分？为什么不是更低分？”这样你就能想象更好的未来，并一步步实现目标。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：焦点解决疗法体现了SFBT的核心原则，即赞美来访者的现有资源和优势，而非纠缠于问题根源。文章中的技巧如奇迹提问和例外问题，完美展示了如何通过目标视角引导来访者从“问题叙事”转向“解决方案叙事”。这种方法强调未来可能性，假设来访者已具备改善生活的知识，这与SFBT的赋能理念高度一致。在财务规划等具体应用中，SFT通过结构化提问帮助来访者澄清目标、追踪进展，从而增强自我效能感，这是一种积极且高效的干预方式。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法可应用于财务规划、职场发展、家庭关系、教育辅导、健康管理、压力应对、个人成长、团队协作、社区服务和危机干预等领域。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 财务目标设定模糊，2. 储蓄习惯难以坚持，3. 投资决策信心不足，4. 债务管理压力大，5. 职业规划方向不明，6. 工作与生活平衡困难，7. 家庭沟通冲突，8. 学习动力缺乏，9. 健康生活方式建立，10. 应对突发财务危机。通过焦点解决技巧，人们能更清晰地看到自己的进步和可能性，从而积极迈向理想未来。