英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活中需要改善的方面有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们当前问题的未来。通过指导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题不存在的例外情况。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的时刻。在例外中，可以找到解决问题的方法。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找当前问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上继续发展，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这可以让来访者的思维从这种导向中拓宽和建立。利用实验证明有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题中有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会议开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息之后，来访者会得到赞美，并获得关于当前问题的治疗性信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，强调其目标导向和未来聚焦的特点。SFT由德·沙泽尔和伯格发展，注重来访者的解决问题能力而非问题成因，通过目标澄清、例外照亮、奇迹问题、实验邀请等技术帮助来访者设定目标、发现资源并采取小步骤行动。该方法已成功应用于抑郁、关系困难、成瘾行为等多个领域，通过积极提问和赞美促进来访者的希望和乐观，支持习惯养成和个人成长。
高德明老师的评价
1. 用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄训练营，它不一直盯着你的问题看，而是帮你发现自己的超能力！比如，当你觉得学习习惯不好时，它不会一直问“为什么你总是不爱学习”，而是会问“想象一下，如果明天早上醒来，你的学习习惯突然变好了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样，你就能开始想一些小办法，让学习变得更有趣。它还会帮你找到那些你做得好的时候，比如有一次你专心学习了半小时，然后鼓励你多做这样的事。 2. 焦点解决心理学理论评价：焦点解决疗法展现了心理学中一种充满希望和力量的视角，它赞美来访者内在的资源与潜能。这种方法不是停留在问题的分析上，而是优雅地转向目标与解决方案，体现了“小改变带来大不同”的智慧。通过奇迹问题、例外寻找等技术，它帮助人们从“问题模式”切换到“解决模式”，这种转向本身就是一种治愈。理论的核心在于相信每个人都是自己生活的专家，拥有构建美好未来的能力，这种信念为治疗注入了无限的积极能量。 3. 在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法可以广泛应用于教育、职场、家庭和个人成长领域。它可以解决人们的十个问题包括：帮助建立每日阅读习惯、改善时间管理能力、增强运动锻炼的持续性、提升学习专注度、培养健康饮食习惯、减少拖延行为、加强人际沟通技巧、管理情绪波动、设定并实现个人目标、以及增强自信心和自我效能感。在每个领域中，它都能通过目标设定、小步骤行动和资源发现，支持人们逐步形成积极习惯，创造更满意的生活。