英文原文
The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center 301 Engaging Clients from a Strength-Based, Solution-Focused Perspective Handout #9, Page 1 of 4 SOLUTION-FOCUSED INTERVIEWING SKILLS & QUESTIONS • Open-ended Questions: “Can you tell me about your relationship with your parents?” vs. “Do you like your parents?” (Forced choice requiring yes or no response). “Tell me about your parenting experience.” “Who are your supports and how do they help you?” Note: identify and reflect to clients any strengths or positive qualities clients may reveal in their responses to the open-ended questions. • Summarizing: Periodically state back to the client his/her thoughts, actions, and feelings. • Tolerating/Using Silence: Allow 10, 15, 20 seconds or so to allow clients to come up with their own responses. Avoid temptation to fill in silence with advice. • Self-disclosure: Not recommended. Better to look for solutions within the client’s frame of reference. • Complimenting: Acknowledging client strengths and past success. • Affirming Client’s Perceptions: A perception is some aspect of a person’s self-awareness or awareness of his/her life. They include a person’s thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and experiences. Affirmation of client’s perceptions is similar to reflective listening in form, but does not isolate and focus on the feeling component per se, but on the client’s larger awareness. (Examples; “uh-huh”, “sure”, “of course”, or “I can understand why you want to have a place of your own, away from your family”). • Working with Client’s Negative or Inaccurate Perceptions: Perceptions, even negative ones like suicide or assaultive behaviors should be explored for the purpose of understanding the full context. “What’s happening in your life that tells you that hitting or suicide might be helpful in this situation?” • Some perceptions may be obviously inaccurate and reflect a person’s denial of a problem; example “I don’t have a drinking problem,” despite several DUI citations. Or, “I don’t have an anger problem,” despite arrests for assault or disorderly conduct. Indirect or Relationship questions can be useful in working with the distorted perception. “If your spouse (children, probation officer, family member, etc.) were here, what might she or he say about your drinking or how you express your anger?” Avoid an immediate educative or dissuading response to negative or inaccurate perceptions. Listening and understanding are the practitioner’s first obligations. • Returning the Focus to the Client: Clients tend to focus on the problem and/or what they would like others to do differently. In the Solution-Focused approach, the client is encouraged to return the focus to themselves and to possible solutions: Examples include the following: The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center 301 Engaging Clients from a Strength-Based, Solution-Focused Perspective Handout #9, Page 2 of 4 1. “My kids are lazy. They don’t realize that I need help sometimes.” “What gives you hope that this problem can be solved?” 2. “I wish my parents would get with it. A 10:00 pm curfew on weekends is ridiculous.” “When things are going better, what will your parents notice you doing differently?” 3. “My teachers are too hard. If they would back off all the homework and give more help my grades would improve.” “What is it going to take to make things even a little bit better?” 4. “If my boss would stop criticizing me and treating me like a child I could be more productive.” “If your boss was here and I was to ask him what you could do differently to make it just a little easier for him not to be so critical, what do you think he would say?” • Amplifying Solution Talk (Difference Questions): Solution talk addresses what aspects of life the client wants to be different and the possibilities for making those things happen. The task of the practitioner is to encourage the client to provide as much detail as possible to amplify what will be different in his life after his problem is solved. EXCEPTION QUESTIONS Exceptions are those occasions in clients’ lives when their problems could have occurred but did not – or at least were less severe. Exception questions focus on who, what, when and where (the conditions that helped the exception to occur) - NOT WHY; should be related to client goals. • Are there times when the problem does not happen or is less serious? When? How does this happen? • Have there been times in the last couple of weeks when the problem did not happen or was less severe? • How was it that you were able to make this exception happen? • What was different about that day? • If your friend (teacher, relative, spouse, partner, etc.) were here and I were to ask him what he noticed you doing different on that day, what would he say? What else? COPING QUESTIONS Coping questions attempt to help the client shift his/her focus away from the problem elements and toward what the client is doing to survive the painful or stressful circumstances. They are related in a way to exploring for exceptions. • What have you found that is helpful in managing this situation? • Considering how depressed and overwhelmed you feel how is it that you were able to get out of bed this morning and make it to our appointment (or make it to work)? • You say that you’re not sure that you want to continue working on your goals. What is it that has helped you to work on them up to now? The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center 301 Engaging Clients from a Strength-Based, Solution-Focused Perspective Handout #9, Page 3 of 4 SCALING QUESTIONS Scaling questions invite the clients to put their observations, impressions, and predictions on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being no chance, and 10 being every chance. Questions need to be specific, citing specific times and circumstances. • On a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being not serious at all and 10 being the most serious, how serious do you think the problem is now? • On a scale of 0 to 10, what number would it take for you to consider the problem to be sufficiently solved? • On a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no confidence and 10 being very confident, how confident are you that this problem can be solved? • On a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no chance and 10 being every chance, how likely is it that you will be able to say “No” to your boyfriend when he offers you drugs? • What would it take for you to increase, by just one point, your likelihood of saying “No”? • What’s the most important thing you have to do to keep things at a 7 or 8. INDIRECT (RELATIONSHIP) QUESTIONS Indirect questions invite the client to consider how others might feel or respond to some aspect of the client’s life, behavior or future changes. Indirect questions can be useful in asking the client to reflect on narrow or faulty perceptions without the worker directly challenging those perceptions or behaviors. Examples: “How is it that someone might think that you are neglecting or mistreating your children?” “Has anyone ever told you that they think you have a drinking problem?” “If your children were here (and could talk, if the children are infants or toddlers) what might they say about how they feel when you and your wife have one of those serious arguments?” “At the upcoming court hearing, what changes do you think the judge will expect from you in order to consider returning your children?” “How do you think your children (spouse, relative, caseworker, employer) will react when you make the changes we talked about?” The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center 301 Engaging Clients from a Strength-Based, Solution-Focused Perspective Handout #9, Page 4 of 4 THE MIRACLE QUESTION The “Miracle Question” is the opening piece of the process of developing well-formed goals. It gives clients permission to think about an unlimited range of possibilities for change. It begins to move the focus away from their current and past problems and toward a more satisfying life. “Now, I want to ask you a different kind of question. I want you to imagine a time in the future when the problem which brought you to the attention of CYS is solved. All the present barriers are gone. So, when this miracle happens what will be different that will tell you that this positive future has happened and the problem is solved?” (Adapted from de Shazer, 1988) Alternate Phrasing of the Miracle Question “Now, I want to ask you a question. I want you to imagine a time in the future when the problem which brought you to the attention of CYS is solved. All the present barriers are gone. So, when this happens what will be different that will tell you that this positive future has happened and the problem is solved?” (adapted from de Shazer, 1988) FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS Through follow-up questions, the interviewer further extends and amplifies the impact of the miracle by a series of questions designed to guide the client in exploring the implications of the miracle in the client’s life. Examples: “What will be the first thing you notice that would tell you that a miracle has happened, that things are different?” “What might others (mother, father, spouse, partner, siblings, friends, work associates, teachers, etc) notice about you that would tell them that the miracle has happened, that things are different or better?” “Have there been times when you have seen pieces of this miracle happen?” “What’s the first step that you can take to begin to make this miracle happen?” “When you wake up next Monday, Wednesday and Friday I would like you to imagine that the miracle has happened. Then try to respond by letting your feelings and behavior reflect that the miracle has happened.”
中文翻译
宾夕法尼亚州儿童福利资源中心301：从优势为本、焦点解决视角与客户互动 讲义9，第1页，共4页 焦点解决访谈技巧与问题 • 开放式问题：“你能告诉我你和父母的关系吗？”对比“你喜欢你的父母吗？”（强制选择，要求是或否回答）。“告诉我你的育儿经验。”“谁是你的支持者，他们如何帮助你？”注意：识别并向客户反映他们在回答开放式问题时可能展现的任何优势或积极品质。 • 总结：定期向客户复述他/她的想法、行动和感受。 • 容忍/使用沉默：允许10、15、20秒左右，让客户自己提出回应。避免用建议填补沉默的诱惑。 • 自我披露：不推荐。最好在客户的参考框架内寻找解决方案。 • 赞美：承认客户的优势和过去的成功。 • 肯定客户的感知：感知是一个人自我意识或对其生活意识的某个方面。它们包括一个人的思想、感受、行为和经历。肯定客户的感知在形式上类似于反思性倾听，但不孤立和专注于感受成分本身，而是关注客户更广泛的意识。（例如：“嗯”、“当然”、“当然可以”，或“我能理解你为什么想要一个属于自己的地方，远离家人”）。 • 处理客户的负面或不准确感知：感知，即使是像自杀或攻击行为这样的负面感知，也应探索以理解完整背景。“你生活中发生了什么，让你觉得打人或自杀在这种情况下可能有帮助？” • 有些感知可能明显不准确，反映了一个人对问题的否认；例如“我没有饮酒问题”，尽管有多次酒驾罚单。或者，“我没有愤怒问题”，尽管因攻击或扰乱秩序被捕。间接或关系问题在处理扭曲感知时可能有用。“如果你的配偶（孩子、缓刑官、家人等）在这里，她或他可能会对你的饮酒或你如何表达愤怒说什么？”避免对负面或不准确感知立即进行教育性或劝阻性回应。倾听和理解是实践者的首要义务。 • 将焦点转回客户：客户倾向于关注问题和/或他们希望别人做什么不同。在焦点解决方法中，鼓励客户将焦点转回自己和可能的解决方案：示例包括：宾夕法尼亚州儿童福利资源中心301：从优势为本、焦点解决视角与客户互动 讲义9，第2页，共4页 1. “我的孩子很懒。他们有时没意识到我需要帮助。”“什么让你相信这个问题可以解决？” 2. “我希望我的父母能跟上时代。周末晚上10点的宵禁太荒谬了。”“当情况好转时，你的父母会注意到你做什么不同？” 3. “我的老师太严厉了。如果他们能减少所有作业并给予更多帮助，我的成绩会提高。”“需要什么才能让事情变得哪怕好一点点？” 4. “如果我的老板停止批评我，不再像对待孩子一样对待我，我就能更有效率。”“如果你的老板在这里，我问他能做什么不同，让他不那么挑剔，你觉得他会说什么？” • 放大解决方案谈话（差异问题）：解决方案谈话涉及客户希望生活中哪些方面不同，以及实现这些改变的可能性。实践者的任务是鼓励客户提供尽可能多的细节，以放大问题解决后他生活中将有什么不同。 例外问题 例外是客户生活中问题可能发生但没有发生——或至少不那么严重的场合。例外问题关注谁、什么、何时和何地（帮助例外发生的条件）——而不是为什么；应与客户目标相关。 • 有没有问题不发生或不太严重的时候？何时？这是如何发生的？ • 过去几周有没有问题不发生或不太严重的时候？ • 你是如何让这个例外发生的？ • 那天有什么不同？ • 如果你的朋友（老师、亲戚、配偶、伴侣等）在这里，我问他那天注意到你做什么不同，他会说什么？还有什么？ 应对问题 应对问题试图帮助客户将焦点从问题元素转移到他/她正在做什么来应对痛苦或压力环境。它们在某种程度上与探索例外相关。 • 你发现什么有助于管理这种情况？ • 考虑到你感到多么沮丧和不堪重负，你是怎么能够今天早上起床并赴约（或上班）的？ • 你说你不确定是否想继续努力实现目标。是什么帮助你一直努力到现在？宾夕法尼亚州儿童福利资源中心301：从优势为本、焦点解决视角与客户互动 讲义9，第3页，共4页 量表问题 量表问题邀请客户将他们的观察、印象和预测放在0到10的量表上，0表示没有机会，10表示完全有机会。问题需要具体，引用具体时间和情况。 • 在0到10的量表上，0表示完全不严重，10表示最严重，你认为现在问题有多严重？ • 在0到10的量表上，需要多少数字你才认为问题已充分解决？ • 在0到10的量表上，0表示没有信心，10表示非常有信心，你有多相信这个问题可以解决？ • 在0到10的量表上，0表示没有机会，10表示完全有机会，当你的男朋友提供毒品时，你说“不”的可能性有多大？ • 需要什么才能让你说“不”的可能性增加哪怕一分？ • 保持事情在7或8分，你必须做的最重要的事情是什么？ 间接（关系）问题 间接问题邀请客户考虑他人可能如何感受或回应客户生活、行为或未来变化的某个方面。间接问题可以在不直接挑战那些感知或行为的情况下，要求客户反思狭隘或错误的感知。 示例：“为什么有人可能认为你忽视或虐待你的孩子？”“有没有人告诉过你他们认为你有饮酒问题？”“如果你的孩子在这里（如果能说话，如果孩子是婴儿或幼儿），他们可能会说你和你妻子发生严重争吵时他们感觉如何？”“在即将到来的法庭听证会上，你认为法官会期望你做出什么改变，以考虑归还你的孩子？”“当你做出我们讨论的改变时，你认为你的孩子（配偶、亲戚、个案工作者、雇主）会如何反应？”宾夕法尼亚州儿童福利资源中心301：从优势为本、焦点解决视角与客户互动 讲义9，第4页，共4页 奇迹问题 “奇迹问题”是制定明确目标过程的开端。它允许客户思考无限的可能性变化。它开始将焦点从他们当前和过去的问题转移到一个更令人满意的生活。“现在，我想问你一个不同的问题。我想让你想象未来的某个时候，引起CYS注意的问题已经解决。所有当前的障碍都消失了。那么，当这个奇迹发生时，会有什么不同，告诉你这个积极的未来已经发生，问题已经解决？”（改编自de Shazer，1988） 奇迹问题的替代措辞 “现在，我想问你一个问题。我想让你想象未来的某个时候，引起CYS注意的问题已经解决。所有当前的障碍都消失了。那么，当这种情况发生时，会有什么不同，告诉你这个积极的未来已经发生，问题已经解决？”（改编自de Shazer，1988） 后续问题 通过后续问题，访谈者进一步扩展和放大奇迹的影响，通过一系列问题引导客户探索奇迹在客户生活中的含义。 示例：“你会首先注意到什么，告诉你奇迹已经发生，事情不同了？”“其他人（母亲、父亲、配偶、伴侣、兄弟姐妹、朋友、工作伙伴、老师等）可能会注意到你什么，告诉他们奇迹已经发生，事情不同或更好了？”“有没有你看到这个奇迹部分发生的时候？”“你可以采取的第一步是什么，开始让这个奇迹发生？”“当你下周一、周三和周五醒来时，我想让你想象奇迹已经发生。然后尝试通过让你的感受和行为反映奇迹已经发生来回应。”
文章概要
本文基于宾夕法尼亚州儿童福利资源中心的讲义，介绍了焦点解决疗法在育儿问题中的应用，特别是目标导向提问技巧。内容涵盖开放式问题、总结、沉默使用、赞美、肯定感知、处理负面感知、将焦点转回客户、放大解决方案谈话、例外问题、应对问题、量表问题、间接问题和奇迹问题等核心技能，旨在通过优势为本的视角帮助客户发现自身资源和解决方案，促进积极改变。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：这篇文章就像一本超级有用的指南，教大人怎么用聪明的问题帮助爸爸妈妈解决育儿烦恼。比如，当爸爸妈妈抱怨孩子不听话时，可以问“什么让你觉得这个问题能搞定？”这样他们就会自己想到好办法，而不是光生气。还有“奇迹问题”，让爸爸妈妈想象如果问题突然消失，生活会变成什么样，这超酷的，能帮他们看到希望和未来！
焦点解决心理学理论评价：这篇文章深刻体现了焦点解决疗法的核心理念，即聚焦于客户的优势和未来可能性，而非问题本身。通过目标导向提问，如例外问题和奇迹问题，它引导客户从“问题导向”转向“解决方案导向”，强调客户的内在资源和能力。这种赞美和肯定的方式，符合SFBT的积极心理学基础，展示了如何通过语言建构促进客户的自我效能感和改变动力。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：应用领域包括家庭教育、学校辅导、社会工作、心理咨询和职场培训。可以解决的问题：1. 育儿冲突和沟通障碍；2. 青少年行为问题；3. 家庭关系紧张；4. 压力管理和情绪调节；5. 目标设定和动力不足；6. 自我认知和自信提升；7. 应对生活危机；8. 改善亲子互动；9. 促进个人成长；10. 增强问题解决能力。