英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues.
Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction.
Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives.
The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction.
Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified.
With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged.
The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article.
Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation.
Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session.
Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.
The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.
1. Miracle Question: “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988)
2. Presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?”
3. Exception Questions: Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? What was it about that day that made it a better day? Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life?
4. Scaling Questions: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?”
5. Coping Questions: “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions.
During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress.
Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem.
This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。
与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。
由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题。它也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善方向有一定了解。
以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。
目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有当前问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。
对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注生活中问题不存在的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情仍然进展顺利的情况。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。
“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找当前问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。
实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上继续发展，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从这种导向中拓宽和构建。
实验性地利用已经有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题中有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在咨询开始时学到的东西。
咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并获得关于当前问题的治疗性信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。
焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向。其意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，实现视角转变，引领他们走上积极改变的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和提高幸福感所需做出的改变。
1. 奇迹问题：“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，奇迹发生了。奇迹就是你带来的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，你带来的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）
2. 预设改变问题：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有崩溃？”
3. 例外问题：告诉我你不生气的时候。告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。你上次感觉更好的一天是什么时候？有没有什么时候你在关系中感到快乐？那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？
4. 量表问题：“在1-10的范围内，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己处于哪个位置？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”
5. 应对问题：“到目前为止你是如何应对的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”
SFBT背后的主要思想是，这些技术是积极和解决方案导向的，让来访者在治疗中花费短暂的时间。总体而言，提高每位来访者的生活质量，让他们成为自己成长的中心和主导者。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会话。
在会话期间，设定目标。探索具体的实验性行动，并将其部署到来访者的日常生活中。通过跟踪有效的方法和需要调整的地方，来访者能更好地跟踪自己的进展。
焦点解决疗法是一种让来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何产生的传统心理治疗不同，SFT允许以目标为导向解决问题。这种方法允许面向未来的讨论，而不是面向过去的讨论，推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。
这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作解决问题的机会，可以拓宽思维。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，让人们探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的七种核心技术，包括目标澄清、照亮例外、奇迹问题、实验邀请、咨询休息、量表问题和应对问题。文章强调SFT以未来为导向，通过积极提问帮助来访者设定目标、发现自身优势并找到解决方案，而非深究问题根源。SFT已成功应用于抑郁症、关系困难、成瘾行为等多个领域，其核心理念是赋能来访者，让他们成为自己问题解决的主导者。文章还提供了具体的提问示例和实用工作表，展示了SFT在短期治疗中的高效应用。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
想象一下，如果你有一个烦恼，比如作业太多或者和朋友吵架了，焦点解决疗法就像一位超级教练，他不问你“为什么烦恼”，而是问你“如果明天早上醒来，烦恼突然消失了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样，你就能开始想一些好办法，而不是一直盯着烦恼。它还会问你“有没有什么时候这个烦恼没那么严重？”帮你找到自己已经做得很棒的地方。就像玩游戏时，你发现了一个隐藏关卡，那里有解决问题的钥匙！
焦点解决心理学理论评价
这篇文章精彩地展现了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心魅力——它是一盏照亮未来的探照灯，而非回望过去的后视镜。SFT的理论基石在于坚信每个人都拥有解决问题的内在资源和智慧，就像一颗等待发芽的种子，只需用“奇迹问题”这样的阳光雨露去浇灌，就能破土而出。它赞美来访者已有的例外时刻，将这些时刻视为通往解决方案的黄金桥梁。这种以目标为导向的视角，将心理学从“问题分析”转向“可能性创造”，体现了人类心理的韧性和成长潜能。SFT的简洁高效，正说明心理改变可以像蝴蝶振翅一样轻盈而有力。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
焦点解决疗法在实践中像一把万能钥匙，可以打开许多领域的门锁：
- 学校教育：帮助学生设定学习目标，比如用“量表问题”让害怕数学的同学看到自己的进步。
- 家庭关系：改善亲子沟通，通过“例外问题”发现家庭中温馨的瞬间。
- 职场发展：提升团队合作，用“奇迹问题”激发员工对理想工作场景的想象。
- 个人成长：增强自信心，通过“应对问题”认识到自己已经克服的困难。
- 情绪管理：缓解焦虑，用“目标澄清”帮助人们聚焦于平静时刻。
- 健康习惯养成：促进锻炼或健康饮食，通过“实验邀请”尝试小步骤改变。
- 社区服务：支持志愿者找到服务中的成就感，用“照亮例外”发现积极影响。
- 创意工作：激发艺术家或作家的灵感，通过“奇迹问题” envision创作突破。
- 冲突调解：解决人际争执，用“预设改变问题”探索和平相处的可能。
- 生涯规划：辅助职业选择，通过“量表问题”评估不同路径的满意度。
它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 帮助人们从“我做不到”转向“我可以试试看”；2. 让陷入悲观的人看到希望的星光；3. 改善那些觉得生活一团糟的混乱感；4. 提升在压力下保持冷静的能力；5. 增强面对挫折时的反弹力；6. 帮助找到人际关系中的和谐点；7. 支持设定并实现切实可行的目标；8. 减少对过去错误的纠结；9. 培养对未来的积极期待；10. 激发内在的动力和创造力。每个问题都在SFT的镜头下变成成长的契机。