英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. 1. Miracle Question: “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988) 2. Presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?” 3. Exception Questions: Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? What was it about that day that made it a better day? Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? 4. Scaling Questions: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. 5. Coping Questions: “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?” The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions. During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress. A method has developed from the Miracle Question entitled, The Miracle Method. The steps follow below (Miller & Berg, 1996). It was designed for combatting problematic drinking but is useful in all areas of change. State your desire for something in your life to be different. Envision a miracle happening, and your life IS different. Make sure the miracle is important to you. Keep the miracle small. Define the change with language that is positive, specific, and behavioral. State how you will start your journey, rather than how you will end it. Be clear about who, where, and when, but not the why. Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于目标导向的提问，以帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题。它也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对什么能改善他们的生活有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的方法。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始小步迈向寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向和目标导向的。意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需做出的改变。1. 奇迹问题：“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹是把你带到这里的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，把你带到这里的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）2. 预设变化问题：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有瓦解？”3. 例外问题：告诉我你不生气的时候。告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。你上次感觉更好的一天是什么时候？有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？4. 量表问题：“在1-10的尺度上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。5. 应对问题：“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”SFBT背后的主要思想是，技术是积极和解决方案导向的，让来访者在治疗中花费短暂的时间。总体而言，提高每个来访者的生活质量，以他们为中心，掌握自己成长的主动权。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会话。在会话期间，设定目标。探索具体的实验行动，并部署到来访者的日常生活中。通过跟踪什么有效以及需要调整的地方，来访者能更好地跟踪自己的进展。从奇迹问题发展出一种方法，称为奇迹方法。步骤如下（Miller & Berg, 1996）。它设计用于对抗问题饮酒，但在所有变化领域都有用。陈述你希望生活中某事不同的愿望。设想一个奇迹发生，你的生活确实不同。确保奇迹对你很重要。保持奇迹小。用积极、具体和行为的语言定义变化。陈述你将如何开始旅程，而不是如何结束它。明确谁、在哪里和何时，而不是为什么。焦点解决疗法是一种赋予来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何产生的传统心理治疗不同，SFT允许以目标导向的方式解决问题。这种方法允许面向未来，而不是面向过去的讨论，推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作解决问题的机会，允许思维拓宽能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，让人们探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别强调其目标导向方法在解决团队冲突中的潜力。文章概述了SFT的起源、基本原则和关键技术，如奇迹问题、例外问题、量表问题、预设变化问题和应对问题。这些技术旨在帮助来访者关注解决方案而非问题本身，通过积极提问和未来导向的讨论，促进个人成长和问题解决。文章还提到了SFT在多个领域的成功应用，包括抑郁、关系困难和沟通问题，并强调了其在团队冲突解决中的适用性，通过合作和协作机会，拓宽思维，实现高效冲突管理。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄工具箱，它不一直盯着问题看，而是帮你找到自己已经有的超能力去解决问题。比如，它会问你：“如果明天早上醒来，一个魔法让所有吵架都消失了，你会看到什么不同？”这样你就能想象出和平的样子。它还会让你想想以前不吵架的时候，是什么让那天变得特别好。通过这些好玩的问题，你就能一步一步地找到让团队更团结的办法。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：焦点解决疗法展现了人类内在的韧性和资源导向的智慧。它不纠缠于问题的根源，而是赞美个体已有的成功经验和例外时刻，这种视角转换本身就是一种强大的赋能。目标澄清和奇迹问题等技术，巧妙地引导人们从“问题空间”转向“解决空间”，这种未来导向的对话结构，充分体现了SFBT对人性积极面的信任和尊重。量表问题等工具，更是将抽象的改变过程可视化，让进步变得可测量、可庆祝。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法在团队冲突解决领域有着广阔的应用前景。它可以应用于企业团队建设、学校班级管理、社区调解、家庭会议、项目管理小组、志愿者团队、运动队伍、创意协作小组、远程工作团队和多部门协调会议。可以解决的十个问题包括：1. 团队成员沟通不畅导致的误解和隔阂；2. 因目标不一致引发的责任推诿和效率低下；3. 会议中频繁出现的争论和决策困难；4. 跨部门合作时的资源竞争和壁垒；5. 新老成员融合过程中的文化冲突；6. 工作压力下的情绪爆发和人际关系紧张；7. 创新过程中不同意见导致的创意僵局；8. 远程协作时因缺乏面对面交流产生的信任危机；9. 绩效考核引发的内部比较和嫉妒情绪；10. 领导风格与团队期望不匹配造成的士气低落。通过焦点解决技术，团队可以聚焦于共同的目标，发掘已有的合作成功经验，构建积极的沟通模式，从而高效化解冲突，提升整体效能。