英文原文
The Exception Question: 3 Solution Focused Tips
Help your clients uncover non-problem areas in their lives with this solution focused therapy technique. Exceptions - times when problems don't occur, can often be the first step to a solution.
Jeremy and his partner were trying to start a family, so he had every reason to quit smoking, but was finding it difficult. "Tell me," I said casually, "do you smoke when you're asleep?" Looking utterly confused, Jeremy blinked a few times before sputtering, "No, of course not!"
In most cases, there was a time before the problem started. Jeremy certainly didn't come out of the womb smoking! But there are also current times when the problem takes a day or even an hour off. So, being a solution-focused kind of a therapist, as well as asking about the problem I ask clients to tell me in detail about the exceptions – the times they don't experience the problematic behaviour or feeling. The information they provide starts to form the basis of their escape route.
In addition to not being a sleep-smoker, Jeremy told me he didn't feel the need to smoke on long-haul flights, when visiting a sick friend in the hospital, around his friends' young children, and when swimming every other day in his local pool. Although he'd come into my office thinking of himself as a 'compulsive smoker', we now had four exception times when the behaviour wasn't compulsive at all.
Here are 3 ways to ask exception questions:
1. Ask about times when the problem pattern doesn't happen
What times can you tell me about when you expected to feel embarrassed, but for some reason you just didn't? Really think about this...
2. Ask what was different
What exactly was different about that time? How did you do that? What were you doing differently that time? This helps to locate client resources as early as possible. And by asking how they did that, you imply that the improvement was due to their own actions and help them take credit for the good times.
3. Use presuppositions to help pinpoint resourceful exceptions
When you enquire about exceptions, it's great to use presuppositions. A 'presupposition' is a masterful way of communicating because it precludes doubt by assuming an occurrence can be 'taken for granted'. For example, "When do you feel calmer?" presupposes that there are times when they feel calmer, as well as presupposing a positive identification of such times.
Jeremy called me up just after the birth of his first child. "It's funny, Mark, but I never feel the need to smoke anymore. Sometimes I do think about it when I feel a bit stressed, but then I almost hear a splash in my ears and I'm right back to that calm of being underwater after diving into the pool."
You and I may know all the psychological theory and practice under the sun, but I think we do well to remember that – ultimately – our clients will find the cure from within.
中文翻译
例外提问：三个焦点解决技巧
通过这种焦点解决治疗技术，帮助您的客户发现生活中没有问题的领域。例外——问题没有发生的时刻，通常是解决方案的第一步。
杰里米和他的伴侣正试图组建家庭，所以他完全有理由戒烟，但发现很困难。我随意地问道：“告诉我，你睡觉时抽烟吗？”杰里米看起来完全困惑，眨了几下眼睛，结结巴巴地说：“不，当然不！”
在大多数情况下，问题开始之前总有一段时间。杰里米当然不是一出生就抽烟的！但也有当前问题暂时消失一天甚至一小时的时候。因此，作为一名焦点解决治疗师，除了询问问题本身，我还要求客户详细告诉我例外情况——他们没有经历问题行为或感受的时刻。他们提供的信息开始构成他们逃脱困境的基础。
除了不是睡眠吸烟者外，杰里米告诉我，他在长途飞行时、去医院探望生病的朋友时、在朋友年幼的孩子周围时，以及每隔一天在当地游泳池游泳时，都不觉得需要吸烟。尽管他来到我的办公室时认为自己是个“强迫性吸烟者”，但现在我们有了四个例外时刻，这些时刻他的行为完全不是强迫性的。
以下是三种询问例外问题的方法：
1. 询问问题模式没有发生的时刻
你能告诉我哪些时候你预期会感到尴尬，但由于某种原因却没有？认真想想这个...
2. 询问当时有什么不同
那次到底有什么不同？你是怎么做到的？那次你做了什么不同的事情？这有助于尽早定位客户的资源。通过询问他们是如何做到的，你暗示改善是由于他们自己的行动，并帮助他们为美好时光获得认可。
3. 使用预设来帮助确定资源丰富的例外
当你询问例外时，使用预设非常好。“预设”是一种高超的沟通方式，因为它通过假设某个事件可以被“视为理所当然”来排除怀疑。例如，“你什么时候感觉更平静？”预设了他们有时会感觉更平静，同时也预设了对这些时刻的积极识别。
杰里米在第一个孩子出生后给我打电话。“真有趣，马克，我再也不觉得需要吸烟了。有时当我感到有点压力时，我确实会想到吸烟，但随后我几乎听到耳边有溅水声，我立刻回到了跳入游泳池后在水下的那种平静。”
你和我可能知道世界上所有的心理学理论和实践，但我认为我们最好记住——最终——我们的客户将从内心找到治愈的方法。
文章概要
本文围绕“使用例外发现来识别客户资源”这一关键词，介绍了焦点解决治疗中的例外提问技巧。文章通过杰里米戒烟和黛安公开演讲焦虑两个案例，详细阐述了三种询问例外的方法：询问问题未发生的时刻、探究这些时刻的不同之处、使用预设语言引导客户识别资源。文章强调，通过关注问题不存在的例外时刻，可以帮助客户发现自身已有的应对资源，从而构建解决方案的基础。最终，客户能够从内心找到治愈的力量，将积极体验扩展到其他生活领域。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
这篇文章讲的是，当人们遇到困难时，比如想戒烟但戒不掉，或者害怕在大家面前讲话，心理老师会问一个特别棒的问题：“有没有什么时候，这个困难没有出现呢？”就像故事里的杰里米叔叔，他以为自己总是想抽烟，但老师发现他睡觉时不抽、游泳时不抽、看小朋友时也不抽！原来他早就有了不抽烟的超能力时刻。老师教我们三种魔法问题：第一问“什么时候困难会放假休息”，第二问“那个时候有什么不一样”，第三问用“你什么时候会觉得好一点”这样的聪明问法。最后杰里米叔叔真的戒了烟，还说自己一紧张就听到游泳的水声，变得特别平静。这告诉我们，每个人心里都有解决困难的小宝藏，只是需要被发现！
焦点解决心理学理论评价
这篇文章精彩地展现了焦点解决短期治疗的核心精髓——从问题例外中寻找解决方案。作者通过生动的案例，完美诠释了“问题不发生的时候就是资源显现的时刻”这一核心理念。杰里米和黛安的案例表明，当我们将注意力从问题本身转向例外时刻时，客户的内在资源和能力便自然浮现。三种提问技巧——识别例外、探究差异、使用预设——构成了一个完整的资源发现系统，这充分体现了焦点解决心理学“关注已有资源而非缺失部分”的哲学观。文章最后强调“客户将从内心找到治愈的方法”，这正是焦点解决理论中“客户是自身问题专家”这一信念的美丽体现。这种以资源为导向、以未来为焦点的视角，为心理干预开辟了充满希望和可能性的道路。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
例外发现技术可以在以下领域广泛应用：心理咨询与治疗、学校教育辅导、企业员工帮助计划、家庭关系调解、医疗健康管理、司法矫正辅导、社区服务工作、个人成长教练、危机干预支持、组织发展咨询。
这项技术可以帮助人们解决：1. 成瘾行为管理问题，如吸烟、饮酒、网络依赖；2. 情绪调节困难，如焦虑、抑郁、愤怒爆发；3. 社交恐惧与回避行为；4. 工作压力与职业倦怠；5. 学习障碍与考试焦虑；6. 人际关系冲突与沟通困难；7. 自我价值感低落与自卑情绪；8. 创伤后应激反应与恐惧症状；9. 生活转变适应困难，如失业、离婚、搬迁；10. 慢性疾病心理调适与健康行为建立。通过发现这些领域中的例外时刻，人们能够重新认识自己的内在力量，找到改变的自然路径，创造更加满意的未来生活。