英文原文
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), or Solution-Focused Therapy (SFT) as it’s known for short, is a therapeutic model born of the humanistic approach. As the name states, it’s a short-term counselling model that puts the solution at the heart of the process. The approach is goal-directed, focusing less on the why of the problem and more on the resolutions. Solution-focused therapy (SFT) was developed in the 1970s by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg at the Brief Family Centre. The approach was born from the humanistic school of therapy, which focuses on self-actualisation, growth, and responsibility. Their goal was to find out what worked best in a therapeutic setting. So they identified different therapeutic techniques and considered the most effective tools to help clients achieve outcomes. Analysing problems or issues that clients have been facing could be removed from the counselling process, with focus on solutions and coping tools, without leading to negative consequences. Instead, the researchers found that positive interventions aimed at helping clients find steps forward towards their goals left them more hopeful, optimistic, and energetic. The researchers behind the approach focused heavily on change, particularly on how change is inevitable and how creating an expectation of change in therapy can be beneficial. Based on the research, seven principles were developed that still underlie the approach today. The seven principles of solution-focused therapy (SFT) were born from the data and observations of the researchers as outlined above. These principles guide solution-focused therapists to this day. Change is both constant and certain. Clients must want to change. Clients are the experts and outline their own goals. Clients have the resources and strengths to solve and overcome their problems. Therapy is short-term. Emphasis on what is changeable and possible. Focus on the future – history is not essential. Evident from the principles, we find the key underlying theme of this pragmatic, hope-friendly approach—focusing on solutions rather than problems. Practitioners using the approach are tasked with asking questions in a way that leads the client to come to their own conclusions and answers. At the start of the process, the client's goals for the sessions must be determined. The remainder of the sessions will aim to work towards reaching this goal, relying upon several techniques well known in solution-focused therapy such as the miracle question, coping questions, and scaling questions. The miracle question asks the client to imagine that a miracle has happened overnight that solved the problems they brought to therapy. The client is to imagine that they are unaware that the miracle has taken place, and the practitioner will ask them what it is that happened that day that will make them realise that the problem has gone. This process encourages the client to closely examine what their life would be like without the problem and opens them up to future possibilities. Solution-focused practitioners may also use coping questions to understand the strategies the client already has in place that are supporting their move towards their goals. Clients may well already have mechanisms they use to help them in the moment; they might just be unaware of them. Using coping questions empowers clients to recognise their resources and call upon them as needed. Scaling questions are also used throughout the therapeutic process to ask clients to rate their problems in terms of difficulty. An example could be ‘on a scale of 1 to 10 how would you rate your current level of happiness?’ Rating problems on a scale allows both client and practitioner to observe the progress and direction of the session. It also helps to identify problem areas and methods that might improve the scale scores. Solution-focused therapy works with a broad range of issues. The approach works best with people who already have some awareness of their issue—and how they might be able to overcome it. The solution-focused approach has proven effective for individuals, couples and families with issues such as communication difficulties, stress, anxiety, big life changes, relationship problems, and conflict management. There are many reasons that clients find solution-focused therapy so effective. Some of the main factors include time efficiency, client-centred approach, and evidence-based effectiveness. Because spent time in therapy focuses on solutions rather than analysing problems, there is more time to realise these solutions; therefore, they tend to occur more quickly. This goal-oriented way of working is time efficient, and the therapeutic process takes around 6 sessions. But many clients find benefits in one session, with some even leaving therapy content after this point. The solution-focus approach is non-judgemental and client-led. This client-centred perspective can often encourage the person to open up and feel safe throughout the therapeutic process, enhancing positive results. This approach reinforces client autonomy and builds confidence in a client’s resilience and ability to cope with difficult experiences following the sessions. Over 150 clinical trials have shown solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) to be as effective, or more effective than other evidence-based approaches like Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy. The effects observed are similar to alternative evidenced-based approaches, but these effects occur in fewer sessions.
中文翻译
焦点解决短期疗法（SFBT），简称焦点解决疗法（SFT），是一种源于人本主义方法的治疗模式。顾名思义，它是一种短期咨询模式，将解决方案置于过程的核心。这种方法以目标为导向，较少关注问题的原因，而更多关注解决方案。焦点解决疗法（SFT）由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和因苏·金·伯格于1970年代在短期家庭中心开发。该方法源于人本主义治疗学派，注重自我实现、成长和责任。他们的目标是找出在治疗环境中什么最有效。因此，他们识别了不同的治疗技术，并考虑了帮助客户实现结果的最有效工具。分析客户一直面临的问题或议题可以从咨询过程中移除，转而关注解决方案和应对工具，而不会导致负面后果。相反，研究人员发现，旨在帮助客户朝着目标迈进的积极干预措施让他们更加充满希望、乐观和精力充沛。该方法背后的研究人员高度重视变化，特别是变化是不可避免的，以及在治疗中创造变化预期如何有益。基于研究，制定了七项原则，这些原则至今仍是该方法的基础。焦点解决疗法（SFT）的七项原则源于上述研究者的数据和观察。这些原则至今指导着焦点解决治疗师。变化既是持续的也是确定的。客户必须想要改变。客户是专家并设定自己的目标。客户拥有解决和克服问题的资源和优势。治疗是短期的。强调可改变和可能的事物。关注未来——历史并不重要。从这些原则中可以看出，这种务实、友好希望的方法的关键主题是关注解决方案而非问题。使用该方法的从业者的任务是以一种引导客户得出自己的结论和答案的方式提问。在过程开始时，必须确定客户在会话中的目标。其余会话将致力于实现这一目标，依赖于焦点解决疗法中众所周知的几种技术，如奇迹问题、应对问题和量表问题。奇迹问题要求客户想象一夜之间发生了一个奇迹，解决了他们带到治疗中的问题。客户要想象他们不知道奇迹已经发生，从业者会问他们那天发生了什么会让他们意识到问题已经消失。这个过程鼓励客户仔细审视没有问题时他们的生活会是什么样子，并为他们打开未来的可能性。焦点解决从业者也可能使用应对问题来理解客户已经具备的支持他们朝着目标迈进的策略。客户很可能已经有一些在当下帮助他们的机制；他们可能只是没有意识到。使用应对问题使客户能够认识到自己的资源，并在需要时调用它们。量表问题也在整个治疗过程中使用，要求客户按难度对问题进行评分。例如，“在1到10的范围内，你如何评价你当前的幸福水平？”按量表对问题进行评分使客户和从业者都能观察会话的进展和方向。它还有助于识别可能提高量表分数的问题领域和方法。焦点解决疗法适用于广泛的问题。这种方法最适合那些已经对自己的问题有一定认识——以及他们可能如何克服它的人。焦点解决方法已被证明对个人、夫妻和家庭在处理沟通困难、压力、焦虑、重大生活变化、关系问题和冲突管理等问题时有效。客户发现焦点解决疗法如此有效的原因有很多。一些主要因素包括时间效率、以客户为中心的方法和基于证据的有效性。因为在治疗中花费的时间专注于解决方案而非分析问题，所以有更多时间实现这些解决方案；因此，它们往往发生得更快。这种以目标为导向的工作方式时间效率高，治疗过程大约需要6次会话。但许多客户在一次会话中就发现了益处，有些甚至在此之后对治疗感到满意。焦点解决方法是不评判的、以客户为主导的。这种以客户为中心的观点通常可以鼓励个人在治疗过程中敞开心扉并感到安全，从而增强积极结果。这种方法增强了客户的自主性，并建立了客户在会话后应对困难经历的韧性和能力的信心。超过150项临床试验表明，焦点解决短期疗法（SFBT）与其他基于证据的方法如认知行为疗法和人际心理疗法一样有效，甚至更有效。观察到的效果与替代的基于证据的方法相似，但这些效果在更少的会话中发生。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决短期疗法（SFBT）的基本概念、历史背景、七项核心原则、关键技术（如奇迹问题、应对问题、量表问题）及其在提升心理健康意识方面的应用。文章强调SFBT是一种以目标为导向、短期高效的治疗方法，专注于解决方案而非问题分析，适用于处理沟通困难、压力、焦虑等多种心理问题，并基于超过150项临床试验证明其有效性。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：想象一下，如果你有一个魔法棒，一挥就能让烦恼消失，焦点解决疗法就像这个魔法棒！它不一直问你为什么难过，而是帮你想想开心的时候是什么样子，然后一步一步带你走向那个开心的未来。比如，老师会问“如果明天一觉醒来，所有问题都解决了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样你就能看到希望，觉得自己很棒，有能力让生活变好。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：焦点解决疗法展现了人类内在的智慧和韧性，它赞美每个人都是自己生活的专家，拥有解决问题的资源和力量。这种方法以目标为灯塔，引导人们从问题迷雾中转向解决方案的清晰路径，体现了对未来的积极建构和对可能性的无限信任。其七项原则，如变化是确定的、客户设定目标，强化了人的主动性和成长潜能，让治疗过程充满希望和动力。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法可广泛应用于职场心理健康、学校教育、家庭咨询和个人成长等领域。它能帮助人们解决以下十个问题：1. 提升沟通技巧，改善人际关系；2. 管理日常压力，保持情绪平衡；3. 缓解焦虑情绪，增强心理韧性；4. 应对生活重大变化，如搬家或换工作；5. 解决夫妻或家庭冲突，促进和谐；6. 设定并实现个人目标，如学习或健康计划；7. 增强自信心，克服自我怀疑；8. 改善工作表现，提高生产力；9. 培养积极心态，应对挑战；10. 在社区或团队中推广心理健康意识，营造支持性环境。