英文原文
In integrative transactional analysis, the conceptual constructs, theories, and sub theories are organized into a theory of motivation, a theory of personality, and a theory of methods. The theory of motivation examines human functioning and the need for stimuli, structure, and relationship. The theory of personality describes internal and external contact, interruptions to contact, life script, and ego function. The theory of methods emphasizes the power of a healing relationship. These theories and methods assist clinicians in understanding human beings, in normalizing the functions of psychological processes, and in healing through relationship. Eric Berne's writings over a 15-year period outlined what he considered the important concepts in transactional analysis theory. He had many brilliant ideas that had a remarkable influence on both the general practice of psychotherapy and the culture as a whole. His ideas and terminology regarding strokes, games, script, ego states, and contracts are now part of the common lexicon and are echoed both in popular publications and in the general psychotherapy literature. Berne identified and even developed many of the early core concepts in transactional analysis, but he did not expand on or refine many other concepts, subtheories, or treatment interventions. He also wrote very little on clinical methods. Berne actively encouraged others to write about their clinical experience, to develop theory, and to refine the core concepts of transactional analysis. Over the last 25 years, a long series of articles have defined an integrative transactional analysis. Beginning in 1975 with “The ABC's of Effective Psychotherapy,” Erskine identified how transactional analysis could be integrative of the client's personality when addressing the cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains during psychotherapy. Recent writings in integrative transactional analysis have focused on principles of psycho therapeutic practice and a theory of motivation. The transactional analysts who are writing and practicing from an integrative perspective have based their theoretical foundations solidly on Eric Berne's concepts and have also turned to other theories and writers for challenge, validation, and cross-fertilization of ideas. Several theoretical models illustrate the fundamental concepts of integrative psychotherapy. The conceptual constructs, theories, sub theories, and interrelated ideas are organized into three classes of theory: motivation, personality, and methods. A theory of motivation provides both a comprehensive understanding of human functioning and a metaperspective that encompasses and unifies the theories of personality and methods. The biological imperatives of stimulus hunger, structure hunger, and relationship hunger provide such a theory of human motivation. Four visual models illustrate the theories of personality in an integrative transactional analysis. The concepts of internal and external contact and interruptions to contact are represented in the self-in-relationship model. This model identifies the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological domains as well as the interpersonal space of contact with others. It provides an avenue for therapeutic direction. The model of the script system and Berne's original model of ego states illustrate the core concepts of life script and ego function. Each of these models is a clinical tool that can be used to identify both behavioral manifestations and intrapsychic processes of contact disruption, life script, or ego state conflicts. The theory of methods is based on the premise that script cure occurs in the contactful, healing relationship between client and therapist. The “Keyhole” is a visual diagram of the theory of methods. This theory and model emphasizes contact with self (an intrapsychic process) and external contact-in-relationship (an interpersonal process). Inquiry, attunement, and involvement are categories of many therapeutic transactions and comprise “sets of contact-facilitating, relationship-oriented methods.” The concepts of inquiry, attunement, and involvement represent an array of methods that are central to the therapeutic relationship and crucial for reorganization of personality that leads to script cure. Integrative transactional analysis thus has a coherent theory of motivation, personality, and methods that provides theoretical consistency and unifies the link between motivation and personality and also gives direction to therapeutic methods. The central philosophical orientation—the fundamental principles—of integrative psychotherapy include: acknowledging that people are relationship seeking and interdependent through out life, affirming the innate value of human beings, normalizing the functions of psychological processes, committing to positive life change, focusing on internal and external contact as essential to human functioning, emphasizing the developmental process of the individual, recognizing the significance of the therapeutic relationship. These principles guide integrative transactional analysts in their therapeutic methods by providing a value system about therapeutic process and, especially, the relationship of the client with the therapist. Acknowledging that people are relationship seeking gives meaning to a theory of motivation that describes the human being's need for stimuli, structure, and relationship. Integrative psychotherapy has integrated Berne's concepts of the hungers within a contact-and-relationship framework. Attention is given to the biological imperatives of stimulus, structure, and relationship hungers as a theory of motivation. Stimulus: “Stimuli operate both internally and externally and provide the informational feedback system that leads to the satisfaction of basic needs.” Structure: “Structure hunger is the drive to organize experience . . . [an] innate drive to form perceptual patterns and configurations . . . that create meaning and predictability and . . . organize the continuity of experience over time.” Relationship: “Satisfaction of relationship hunger depends on the awareness of relational needs (internal stimulus), what the individual believes about self and others in the interpersonal relationships (structure), and the behavior of the other person in the relationship (external stimulus).” All three hungers are important since disruption in any one may cause overcompensation in at least one of the others. For example, a person who does not have a meaningful relationship may use overstructure to compensate for the lack of relationship. Contact is also an important part of a theory of motivation. Focusing on internal and external contact is viewed as essential to human functioning. Internal contact consists of “sensations, emotions, ideas, fantasies, wants, and needs.” Relationship with others is also an important component of motivational theory. One of the major premises of integrative psychotherapy is that the need for relationship is “a primary motivating experience of human behavior, and contact is the means by which the [relational] need is met.” Contact with self (all of our sensations, feelings, memories, thoughts, wants, needs, desires, fantasies) and with others (our relationships) are affected by how open or closed we are to contact. Defensive protections keep us closed off to contact; dissolving of the defenses opens us to contact. The therapeutic relationship then provides both an opportunity for dissolving the defensive positions built on archaic beliefs and decisions and a focus on living in the now by achieving satisfaction of today's relational needs with family and friends. Relational needs are included in the theory of motivation. “Relational needs are the needs unique to interpersonal contact.” These relational needs are considered in two domains: the here and now and the archaic ego. When life experiences have been integrated (Adult ego state), then relational needs are based on the here-and-now relationship. In contamination of the Adult ego through either archaic fixations (Child ego states) or introjections (Parent ego states), present adult needs are compromised. In the therapeutic relationship, unintegrated Parent and Child fragments are addressed through an understanding of how the archaic needs—needs unrequited in early relationships —are enacted in the transference. Relational needs—that is, needs important throughout the life cycle—include: the need for security, where protection is experienced in the relationship; validation, affirmation, and significance within relationship; acceptance by a stable and dependable other person; confirmation of one's personal experience by the other; self-definition, where one's uniqueness can be expressed and accepted by another; the need to impact another; the need to have the other initiate; and the need to express love. Ego states, transference, and the script system are the principle concepts identified within a theory of personality in integrative transactional analysis. The archaic Child ego states and the introjected Parent ego states are viewed as separate states of the ego that have not become integrated through life experiences. Defensive mechanisms stabilize and protect the individual, but this stability restricts the spontaneity, intimacy, and flexibility so essential for growth. Knowledge of ego defense mechanisms is integral to understanding ego state functioning and how ego states are activated. It is because of the fixation of defense mechanisms that the archaic (Child) or introjected (Parent) aspects of ego remain separate states and do not become integrated into neopsychic (Adult) awareness. These developmental fixations are analyzed by taking into consideration “a four-part correlation of the behavioral, social, historical, and phenomenological determinants of ego states.” Transferential transactions are identified within the perspective of ego states as a manifestation of either an archeopsychic or exteropsychic ego state where there is an intrapsychic conflict between two or more of the ego states. Transference is viewed as: the means whereby the client can describe his or her past, the developmental needs that have been thwarted, and the defenses that were erected to compensate; the resistance to full remembering and, paradoxically, an unaware enactment of childhood experiences [the repeated relationship]; the expression of an intrapsychic conflict and the desire to achieve [the satisfaction of relationship needs and] intimacy in relationships [the therapeutically needed relationship]; or the expression of the universal psychological striving to organize experience and create meaning. The script system reflects the script-driven responses and the patterns of transferential transactions that emerge in the therapeutic relationship. Working with script within the script system allows the therapist to focus on three dimensions: behavioral, intrapsychic (affective and cognitive), and physiological. The focus is always on where the person is open or closed to contact. The script system addresses the intra psychic beliefs and feelings, behaviors, fantasies, memories, and physiological experiences. The script system . . . provides a model for understanding the systematic dynamics among the intrapsychic, behavioral, and physiological dimensions of life script. The script system diagrams how the intra psychic reactions (defensive conclusions and decisions) and introjections that form the core of the life script are organized as script beliefs; how these core beliefs are manifested in behavior, fantasy, and physiological tensions; and how an individual structures his or her perceptions and interpretations of experience to provide the reinforcement of script beliefs. The reorganization of personality occurs in the integration of affective, cognitive, and physiological intrapsychic processes with manifested behavior through a contactful, therapeutic relationship. The processes of inquiry, attunement, and involvement are categories of specific methods. Each of these categories are “sets of contact- facilitating and relationship-oriented methods.” Inquiry: “The process of inquiry involves the therapist being open to discovering the client's perspective while the client simultaneously discovers his or her sense of self with each of the therapist's awareness- enhancing statements or questions.” Attunement: “Attunement is a two-part process: It begins with empathy—that is, being sensitive to and identifying with the other's sensations, needs, or feelings—and the communication of the sensitivity to the other person.” Involvement: “Therapeutic involvement that includes acknowledgment, validation, normalization, and presence diminishes internal defensive processes.” Inquiry, attunement, and involvement are central to the theory of methods and provide a framework for conceptualizing the principle methods of integrative psychotherapy. The theory of methods affirms the innate value of human beings and recognizes the significance of the therapeutic relationship. The goal of an integrative transactional analysis is for the client, in the relationship with the therapist, to discover and understand intrapsychic processes and defensive mechanisms. Empathic therapeutic inquiry, attunement, and involvement allow the client to enact the psychic process and its defenses in the therapeutic relationship. The intrapsychic functions of predict ability, identity, consistency, and stability are considered in helping the client move out of old defenses and distortions. The therapeutic relationship is used as the “between” space, that is, between the old protective patterns and a new way of relating. Sensitivity to the client's developmental level of psychological functioning is an important part of the methodology. Attunement to the developmental level means being aware of and responsive to the client's behaviors and experiences at the level of regression. “The purpose of the developmental focus is to respond to the client at the age level at which there was a lack of contact-in-relationship, when fixations occurred in the representational system of self, others, and the quality of life.” The age of the client's experiences is considered in order to acknowledge, validate, and normalize these experiences. “Through an inquiry into the history, expectations, coping, choices, decisions, and vulnerabilities, phenomenological, transferential, and defensive levels of experience may come to the foreground.” The unrequited needs of childhood fixated in figure or ground, and the defenses enacted as compensation become the focus of psychotherapy. As the client experiences acknowledgment and validation in the therapeutic relationship, what was not given to that person in the early experience may come to the foreground. The relationship with the therapist triggers an awareness of the lack of relationship in the original trauma or neglect. The juxtaposition reaction is described as intense emotional responses sparked by the therapist's contact with the client. The phenomenon of juxtaposition “occurs when there is, for the client, a marked contrast between what is provided in the therapeutic relationship and what was needed and longed for but not provided in previous relationships.” A conflict is created out of the need for contact and the realization of the missing relationship. Understanding the phenomenon of juxtaposition may assist the therapist in identifying interruptions in contact and the client in understanding what was needed. Disruptions in contact also occur in the ruptures or interruptions of the therapeutic relationship. Examining the ruptures or interruptions may provide client and therapist with information and understanding about archaic failures and remnants that affect relationships today. Repair in the therapeutic relationship provides for the exploration of the relationship failure in the now and, ultimately, for a better understanding of the repetitive, archaic failures. Another avenue to cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological awareness is in a supportive regression. Within such a regression, the client, in the presence of the therapist, can explore his or her original fixations and introjections. In this process, “a client can re examine relationships, access and change old decisions, and heal the cumulative trauma of childhood through enacting and experiencing in fantasy what was not available in reality.” The purpose of the regression is to identify conflicts in earlier developmental levels, to provide an opportunity to explore historical and phenomenological experiences, and to identify what patterns continue in present relationships. Confrontation is a specific method used to bring into awareness a discrepancy between contradictory thoughts and behaviors. In this particular process, the focus is on the client's defensive position and the implications of this defensiveness for present-day relationships. For the client to face such defenses and the purpose of such protections, a strong therapeutic relationship is crucial. Also important is an empathic confrontation that takes into account respect for and sensitivity to the client's position. An integrative transactional analysis article by Clark proposed empathic transactions in “regulating the intensity and directness of trans actions during different phases of treatment.” In an established therapeutic relationship, confrontation can be very useful. Another method that warrants attention is free association. Free association is similar to the psychoanalytic method in that the client is invited to say whatever comes into his or her mind. The one exception is that free association within integrative transactional analysis involves the therapist in relationship with the client. This is done by having the therapist as a witness to the client's free associations and as an active partner in selectively expressing what he or she thinks and feels. The therapist's presence allows for underscoring, elaborating, and clarifying, all of which leads to inquiring and validating and thus acknowledging the significance of the client's experience. The last component to be included is body work, a major dimension of script cure. The treatment goal in body script work “is to energize the body tissue that was inhibited and rigidified in the repression of the unmet needs and primal feelings.” Physiological reactions can be observed, such as in tightening of the body musculature and changes in breathing patterns. Internal experiences that are not readily observable can be accessed by inquiring into the person's phenomenological experience. Working directly with body structures may include touch, muscle massage, altering breathing patterns, and encouraging and/or inhibiting movements. The physiological domain must be aligned with the other three domains —the cognitive, affective, and behavioral. When integrated, these dimensions of human functioning help the person to live more fully in the present. Berne gave transactional analysts a strong foundation on which to build and to develop further his ideas. Integrative transactional analysis has taken Berne's ideas on hungers and developed a theory of motivation—the biological imperatives of stimulus hunger, structure hunger, and relationship hunger. Ego states and intrapsychic processes, life script, and contact and interruptions to contact are central to a theory of personality. The processes of inquiry, attunement, and involvement are categories of specific methods that are contact facilitating and relationship oriented. The categories of methods are manifestations of the theory of methods: healing is in the contactful, therapeutic relationship. The theory of motivation, theory of personality, and theory of methods are represented by four models. The model for the theory of motivation is represented by the dynamic balance of the biological imperatives of stimulus, structure, and relationship hungers. The model of personality is represented in the self-in-relationship diagram, Berne's conceptual ego state model, and the script system. The “Keyhole” —which represents the interplay of inquiry, attunement, and involvement—is a schematic of the theory of methods. Congruence and unity between the integrative transactional analysis theories of motivation, personality, and methods assist the psychotherapist in understanding human beings, in normalizing the functions of their psychological processes, and in healing through relationships. Just as Berne criticized the theory and methods of Freudian psychoanalysis, he also challenged those with whom he worked to refine and add to the theory and methods of transactional analysis. We, in following Berne's style of criticism and challenge, invite others to refine and add to the theory of transactional analysis. The task for all of us, no matter what school we identify with—the San Francisco school of transactional analysis, redecision therapy, the Cathexis school of transactional analysis, or integrative transactional analysis— is to help our clients reach an optimal level of well-being. As our clients achieve script cure and grow to understand and appreciate their own uniqueness, may we, too, continue to develop and refine our theories and methods.
中文翻译
在整合性沟通分析中，概念结构、理论和子理论被组织成动机理论、人格理论和方法理论。动机理论考察人类功能以及对刺激、结构和关系的需求。人格理论描述了内部和外部接触、接触中断、人生脚本和自我功能。方法理论强调治愈关系的力量。这些理论和方法帮助临床医生理解人类，使心理过程的功能正常化，并通过关系实现治愈。埃里克·伯恩在15年间的著作概述了他认为沟通分析理论中的重要概念。他有许多杰出的想法，对心理治疗的普遍实践和整个文化产生了显著影响。他关于安抚、游戏、脚本、自我状态和契约的想法和术语现在已成为通用词汇的一部分，并在流行出版物和一般心理治疗文献中得到呼应。伯恩识别甚至发展了许多沟通分析的早期核心概念，但他没有扩展或完善许多其他概念、子理论或治疗干预措施。他也很少写临床方法。伯恩积极鼓励其他人撰写他们的临床经验，发展理论，并完善沟通分析的核心概念。在过去的25年里，一系列文章定义了整合性沟通分析。从1975年的《有效心理治疗的ABC》开始，厄斯金确定了沟通分析如何在心理治疗中处理认知、情感和行为领域时整合来访者的人格。最近关于整合性沟通分析的著作侧重于心理治疗实践的原则和动机理论。从整合视角写作和实践的沟通分析师将他们的理论基础牢固地建立在埃里克·伯恩的概念上，并转向其他理论和作者以寻求挑战、验证和思想的交叉融合。几个理论模型说明了整合性心理治疗的基本概念。概念结构、理论、子理论和相互关联的思想被组织成三类理论：动机、人格和方法。动机理论既提供了对人类功能的全面理解，也提供了一个元视角，涵盖并统一了人格和方法理论。刺激饥饿、结构饥饿和关系饥饿的生物学必要性提供了这样一种人类动机理论。四个视觉模型说明了整合性沟通分析中的人格理论。内部和外部接触以及接触中断的概念在自我关系模型中得以体现。该模型识别了认知、情感、行为和生理领域以及与其他人接触的人际空间。它为治疗方向提供了途径。脚本系统模型和伯恩的原始自我状态模型说明了人生脚本和自我功能的核心概念。这些模型中的每一个都是临床工具，可用于识别接触中断、人生脚本或自我状态冲突的行为表现和内心过程。方法理论基于这样一个前提：脚本治愈发生在来访者和治疗师之间充满接触的治愈关系中。“钥匙孔”是方法理论的视觉图表。该理论和模型强调与自我的接触（一个内心过程）和关系中的外部接触（一个人际过程）。询问、共鸣和参与是许多治疗交易的类别，构成了“促进接触、关系导向的方法集合”。询问、共鸣和参与的概念代表了一系列方法，这些方法对治疗关系至关重要，对导致脚本治愈的人格重组至关重要。因此，整合性沟通分析拥有一个连贯的动机、人格和方法理论，提供了理论一致性，统一了动机和人格之间的联系，并为治疗方法提供了方向。整合性心理治疗的核心哲学取向——基本原则——包括：承认人们一生都在寻求关系并相互依存，肯定人类的内在价值，使心理过程的功能正常化，致力于积极的生活改变，关注内部和外部接触作为人类功能的核心，强调个体的发展过程，认识到治疗关系的重要性。这些原则通过提供关于治疗过程，特别是来访者与治疗师关系的价值体系，指导整合性沟通分析师的治疗方法。承认人们寻求关系为动机理论赋予了意义，该理论描述了人类对刺激、结构和关系的需求。整合性心理治疗将伯恩关于饥饿的概念整合到一个接触和关系框架中。关注刺激、结构和关系饥饿的生物学必要性作为动机理论。刺激：“刺激在内部和外部运作，并提供导致基本需求满足的信息反馈系统。”结构：“结构饥饿是组织经验的驱动力……[一种]形成感知模式和配置的内在驱动力……创造意义和可预测性……并组织经验随时间的连续性。”关系：“关系饥饿的满足取决于对关系需求（内部刺激）的意识，个体对人际关系中自我和他人的信念（结构），以及关系中另一个人的行为（外部刺激）。”所有三种饥饿都很重要，因为任何一种的中断都可能导致至少另一种的过度补偿。例如，一个没有有意义关系的人可能使用过度结构来补偿关系的缺乏。接触也是动机理论的重要组成部分。关注内部和外部接触被视为人类功能的核心。内部接触包括“感觉、情绪、想法、幻想、欲望和需求”。与他人的关系也是动机理论的重要组成部分。整合性心理治疗的主要前提之一是，对关系的需求是“人类行为的主要动机体验，而接触是满足[关系]需求的手段”。与自我（我们所有的感觉、情感、记忆、思想、欲望、需求、愿望、幻想）和与他人（我们的关系）的接触受到我们对接触开放或封闭程度的影响。防御性保护使我们封闭接触；防御的消解使我们开放接触。治疗关系既提供了消解基于古老信念和决定的防御立场的机会，也专注于通过满足今天与家人和朋友的关系需求来活在当下。关系需求被包括在动机理论中。“关系需求是人际接触特有的需求。”这些关系需求在两个领域中被考虑：此时此地和古老自我。当生活经验被整合（成人自我状态）时，关系需求基于此时此地的关系。当成人自我通过古老固着（儿童自我状态）或内射（父母自我状态）被污染时，当前的成人需求就会受到损害。在治疗关系中，未整合的父母和儿童片段通过理解古老需求——早期关系中未满足的需求——如何在移情中表现出来而得到处理。关系需求——即在整个生命周期中重要的需求——包括：对安全的需求，在关系中体验到保护；关系中的确认、肯定和意义；被一个稳定可靠的他人接受；他人对个人经历的确认；自我定义，个人的独特性可以被表达并被他人接受；影响他人的需求；需要他人发起的需求；以及表达爱的需求。自我状态、移情和脚本系统是整合性沟通分析中人格理论识别的核心概念。古老的儿童自我状态和内射的父母自我状态被视为自我中未通过生活经验整合的独立状态。防御机制稳定并保护个体，但这种稳定性限制了成长所必需的自发性、亲密性和灵活性。了解自我防御机制对于理解自我状态功能以及自我状态如何被激活是不可或缺的。正是因为防御机制的固着，自我中古老（儿童）或内射（父母）的方面保持独立状态，并未整合到新心理（成人）意识中。这些发展固着通过考虑“自我状态的行为、社会、历史和现象学决定因素的四部分关联”来分析。移情交易在自我状态的视角下被识别，作为古老心理或外部心理自我状态的表现，其中存在两个或多个自我状态之间的内心冲突。移情被视为：来访者可以描述其过去、受挫的发展需求和为补偿而建立的防御的手段；对完全记忆的抵抗，以及矛盾的是，对童年经历的无意识重演[重复的关系]；内心冲突的表达和实现[关系需求的满足和]关系亲密[治疗所需的关系]的渴望；或普遍心理努力组织经验和创造意义的表达。脚本系统反映了脚本驱动的反应和移情交易在治疗关系中出现的模式。在脚本系统中处理脚本使治疗师能够关注三个维度：行为、内心（情感和认知）和生理。重点始终放在个人对接触开放或封闭的地方。脚本系统处理内心信念和感受、行为、幻想、记忆和生理体验。脚本系统……提供了一个模型，用于理解人生脚本的内心、行为和生理维度之间的系统动态。脚本系统图表展示了内心反应（防御性结论和决定）和内射如何组织成脚本信念；这些核心信念如何在行为、幻想和生理紧张中表现出来；以及个体如何构建其经验和解释以提供脚本信念的强化。人格重组发生在情感、认知和生理内心过程与通过充满接触的治疗关系表现出来的行为的整合中。询问、共鸣和参与的过程是特定方法的类别。这些类别中的每一个都是“促进接触、关系导向的方法集合”。询问：“询问过程涉及治疗师开放地发现来访者的视角，同时来访者随着治疗师增强意识的陈述或问题发现其自我感。”共鸣：“共鸣是一个两部分的过程：它始于共情——即敏感于并认同他人的感觉、需求或感受——并将这种敏感性传达给他人。”参与：“包括承认、确认、正常化和存在的治疗参与减少了内部防御过程。”询问、共鸣和参与是方法理论的核心，并为概念化整合性心理治疗的主要方法提供了框架。方法理论肯定了人类的内在价值，并认识到治疗关系的重要性。整合性沟通分析的目标是让来访者在与治疗师的关系中发现和理解内心过程和防御机制。共情的治疗询问、共鸣和参与使来访者能够在治疗关系中重演心理过程及其防御。可预测性、身份、一致性和稳定性的内心功能被考虑在内，以帮助来访者摆脱旧的防御和扭曲。治疗关系被用作“之间”的空间，即在旧的保护模式和新关系方式之间。对来访者心理功能发展水平的敏感性是方法论的重要组成部分。对发展水平的共鸣意味着意识到并回应来访者在退行水平上的行为和体验。“发展重点的目的是在缺乏关系接触的年龄水平上回应来访者，当固着发生在自我、他人和生活质量的表征系统中时。”考虑来访者体验的年龄是为了承认、确认和正常化这些体验。“通过对历史、期望、应对、选择、决定和脆弱性的询问，现象学、移情和防御水平的体验可能会浮现出来。”童年未满足的需求固着在图形或背景中，以及作为补偿而实施的防御成为心理治疗的重点。当来访者在治疗关系中体验到承认和确认时，早期经历中未给予该人的东西可能会浮现出来。与治疗师的关系触发了对原始创伤或忽视中关系缺乏的意识。并置反应被描述为由治疗师与来访者接触引发的强烈情绪反应。并置现象“发生在当治疗关系中提供的内容与来访者需要和渴望但在以前关系中未提供的内容之间存在显著对比时”。冲突源于对接触的需求和对缺失关系的认识。理解并置现象可能有助于治疗师识别接触中断，并帮助来访者理解需要什么。接触中断也发生在治疗关系的破裂或中断中。检查破裂或中断可能为来访者和治疗师提供关于影响当今关系的古老失败和残余的信息和理解。治疗关系中的修复为探索当前的关系失败，并最终更好地理解重复的、古老的失败提供了可能。认知、情感、行为和生理意识的另一个途径是支持性退行。在这种退行中，来访者在治疗师在场的情况下，可以探索其原始的固着和内射。在这个过程中，“来访者可以重新审视关系，访问并改变旧的决定，并通过在幻想中重演和体验现实中不可用的东西来治愈童年的累积创伤。”退行的目的是识别早期发展水平中的冲突，提供探索历史和现象学体验的机会，并识别哪些模式在现有关系中持续存在。面质是一种特定的方法，用于将矛盾思想和行为之间的不一致带入意识。在这个特定过程中，重点是来访者的防御立场以及这种防御性对当今关系的影响。为了让来访者面对这些防御和此类保护的目的，强大的治疗关系至关重要。同样重要的是共情面质，它考虑到来访者立场的尊重和敏感性。克拉克的一篇整合性沟通分析文章提出了共情交易，以“在治疗的不同阶段调节交易的强度和直接性”。在已建立的治疗关系中，面质可能非常有用。另一种值得关注的方法是自由联想。自由联想类似于精神分析方法，因为来访者被邀请说出任何进入其脑海的内容。唯一的例外是，整合性沟通分析中的自由联想涉及治疗师与来访者的关系。这是通过让治疗师作为来访者自由联想的见证人，并作为选择性表达其想法和感受的积极伙伴来实现的。治疗师的存在允许强调、阐述和澄清，所有这些都导致询问和确认，从而承认来访者体验的重要性。最后一个要包括的组成部分是身体工作，这是脚本治愈的主要维度。身体脚本工作的治疗目标是“激活在未满足需求和原始感受的压抑中被抑制和僵化的身体组织”。可以观察到生理反应，例如身体肌肉的紧张和呼吸模式的变化。不易观察到的内部体验可以通过询问个人的现象学体验来获取。直接处理身体结构可能包括触摸、肌肉按摩、改变呼吸模式以及鼓励和/或抑制运动。生理领域必须与其他三个领域——认知、情感和行为——保持一致。当整合时，这些人类功能的维度帮助个人更充分地活在当下。伯恩为沟通分析师提供了一个坚实的基础，以在此基础上建立并进一步发展他的想法。整合性沟通分析采纳了伯恩关于饥饿的想法，并发展了一个动机理论——刺激饥饿、结构饥饿和关系饥饿的生物学必要性。自我状态和内心过程、人生脚本以及接触和接触中断是人格理论的核心。询问、共鸣和参与的过程是促进接触和关系导向的特定方法的类别。方法类别是方法理论的表现：治愈在于充满接触的治疗关系。动机理论、人格理论和方法理论由四个模型代表。动机理论的模型由刺激、结构和关系饥饿的生物学必要性的动态平衡代表。人格模型在自我关系图、伯恩的概念性自我状态模型和脚本系统中得以体现。“钥匙孔”——代表询问、共鸣和参与的相互作用——是方法理论的示意图。整合性沟通分析的动机、人格和方法理论之间的一致性和统一性帮助心理治疗师理解人类，使其心理过程的功能正常化，并通过关系实现治愈。正如伯恩批评弗洛伊德精神分析的理论和方法一样，他也挑战与他一起工作的人完善和补充沟通分析的理论和方法。我们遵循伯恩的批评和挑战风格，邀请其他人完善和补充沟通分析的理论。我们所有人的任务，无论我们认同哪个学派——旧金山沟通分析学派、再决定疗法、卡塔西斯沟通分析学派或整合性沟通分析——都是帮助我们的来访者达到最佳的健康水平。当我们的来访者实现脚本治愈并成长为了解和欣赏自己的独特性时，愿我们也继续发展和完善我们的理论和方法。
文章概要
本文系统阐述了整合性沟通分析的理论框架，围绕动机理论、人格理论和方法理论三大支柱展开。动机理论基于伯恩的“饥饿”概念，提出刺激、结构和关系三种生物性需求是人类行为的核心驱动力。人格理论整合了自我状态、接触中断、人生脚本等概念，通过自我关系模型、脚本系统等工具解析内心冲突。方法理论强调治愈性关系，以询问、共鸣和参与为核心技术，促进人格重组。文章展现了该理论如何继承伯恩思想并整合其他流派，形成连贯的治疗体系，旨在帮助来访者实现脚本治愈和活在当下。
高德明老师的评价
从TA沟通分析视角看，这篇文章卓越地展现了如何将伯恩的经典概念如自我状态和脚本系统，整合进一个更全面的动机和关系框架中。作者们不仅尊重了伯恩的原始贡献，还通过发展“饥饿”理论，为理解人类行为提供了更丰富的维度。这种整合体现了对沟通分析理论的深刻理解和创造性扩展，预示着未来在临床实践中能更精准地识别和处理来访者的内心冲突。
从焦点解决心理学视角看，文章强调关系中的治愈力量，这与焦点解决重视资源导向和未来可能性的理念高度契合。作者们关注来访者在治疗关系中的开放性和接触能力，这为发现个人优势和构建解决方案提供了坚实基础。文章中对询问、共鸣和参与方法的阐述，展现了如何通过积极对话促进改变，这种关系导向的方法为来访者实现积极生活转变开辟了广阔空间。
从佛学专家角色看，文章中对接触、当下体验和关系需求的探讨，与佛学中正念和互联性的智慧相呼应。作者们强调活在当下和整合身心体验，这有助于来访者超越固着的防御模式，达到更自在的存在状态。理论中对内在平静和关系和谐的追求，体现了对人类深层需求的洞察，为通过心理治疗实现内心平和与外在和谐提供了宝贵路径。