英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client's ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The 'miracle question' is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client's mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn't work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they've learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver's seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions. During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client's daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress. Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life's problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调客户解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、因苏·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助客户朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种客户关注的问题。它也被用于各种客户群体。该方法假设客户对什么能改善他们的生活有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导客户设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何客户关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导客户到他们生活中存在问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的方法。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助客户转向解决方案导向。这个问题允许客户开始小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导客户进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请客户建立在已经有效的基础上，客户自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这允许客户的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，客户可以找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与客户咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会议开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请客户提供更多信息，允许治疗师和客户共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，客户会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便客户带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向的立场。意图是通过引导客户朝着希望和乐观的方向，允许视角转变，引导他们走向积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需做出的改变。SFBT背后的主要思想是，技术是积极和以解决方案为中心的，允许客户在治疗中花费短暂的时间。总体而言，提高每个客户的生活质量，以他们为中心，并掌握他们成长的主动权。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会话。在会话期间，设定目标。探索具体的实验行动，并将其部署到客户的日常生活中。通过跟踪什么有效以及需要调整的地方，客户能够更好地跟踪自己的进展。焦点解决疗法是一种赋予客户拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。而不是传统心理治疗关注问题如何产生，SFT允许以目标为导向的焦点解决问题。这种方法允许面向未来的讨论，而不是面向过去的讨论，推动客户朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作解决问题的机会，允许思维拓宽能力。照亮选择路径是一种引人注目的方式，使人们能够探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心概念、技术和应用。SFT强调客户解决问题的能力，而非问题根源，通过目标导向提问（如奇迹问题、例外问题、缩放问题等）帮助客户设想积极未来并设定具体目标。文章概述了SFT在抑郁、关系困难、成瘾等多个领域的成功应用，并详细描述了治疗过程，包括目标澄清、实验邀请和咨询休息等技巧。SFT通常简短（5-8次会话），旨在提高生活质量，赋予客户主动权，适用于教育、家庭和工作场所等多种环境。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：想象一下，你有一个问题，比如想变得更健康，但不知道怎么做。焦点解决疗法就像一位聪明的朋友，不问你“为什么你不够健康”，而是问你“如果明天一觉醒来，你突然变得超级健康，你会注意到什么不同？”这样，你开始想一些小改变，比如多喝水或散步，而不是纠结过去。它帮你找到已经做得很好的时候，比如那天你吃了蔬菜，然后鼓励你做更多这样的事。这种方法让你感觉充满希望，相信自己能达成目标！
焦点解决心理学理论评价：焦点解决疗法（SFT）展现了心理学中一种以力量和未来为导向的卓越范式。它巧妙地避开了传统问题分析的陷阱，转而聚焦于客户的资源和例外时刻，这体现了对人性内在潜能的深刻信任。通过奇迹问题等技术，SFT引导客户从“问题思维”转向“解决方案思维”，这种视角转换本身就是一种强大的干预。它赞美了客户已有的能力和智慧，将治疗过程转化为共同探索可能性的旅程，而非缺陷修复。SFT的简洁性和目标导向性，使其成为一种高效且充满尊重的实践，完美契合了焦点解决心理学强调的赞美、目标视角和未来可能性原则。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：SFT可广泛应用于健康促进、教育辅导、职场发展、家庭关系和个人成长等领域。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 帮助设定清晰的健康目标，如戒烟或减肥；2. 提升运动动机和坚持性；3. 改善饮食习惯和营养选择；4. 管理压力和焦虑情绪；5. 增强自信心和自我效能感；6. 改善人际沟通和冲突解决；7. 克服拖延和启动困难；8. 培养积极心态和乐观精神；9. 应对生活转变和挑战；10. 促进整体幸福感和生活满意度。通过焦点解决的方法，人们能更轻松地迈出改变的第一步，享受进步带来的成就感。