SFBT目标设定在危机干预中的关键应用

📂 理论📅 2025/12/27 15:14:12👁️ 2 次阅读

英文原文

What is Solution-Focused Therapy: 3 Essential Techniques

Solution-focused therapy, also called solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), is a type of therapy that places far more importance on discussing solutions than problems. It grew out of the field of family therapy in the 1980s, created by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg. The goal of SFBT is to find and implement a solution to the problem as soon as possible to minimize time spent in therapy and struggling. It emphasizes identifying and building on strengths to foster positive change and achieve goals. By focusing on solutions rather than problems, clients are empowered to envision and create their preferred future. Techniques like the Miracle Question and scaling help clarify goals and track progress, encouraging a proactive approach to challenges.

The solution-focused approach is founded on the idea that solutions to problems are typically found in the "exceptions" to the problem, meaning the times when the problem is not actively affecting the individual. This approach is logical—to find a lasting solution, it is rational to look first at those times in which the problem lacks its usual potency. SFBT works on the assumption that every individual has at least some level of motivation to address their problems and to find solutions that improve their quality of life.

Popular techniques in SFBT include questions like the coping question, miracle question, best hopes questions, exception questions, and scaling questions. These techniques help clients recognize their own resiliency, imagine a future without problems, set realistic goals, and track progress. Exercises like "Do One Thing Different" help clients break problem patterns and build strategies to make things go better. The "presupposing change" technique encourages clients to be attentive to positive changes in their lives, no matter how small.

SFBT has been successfully applied in individual, couples, and family therapy, addressing a wide range of problems from normal stressors to high-impact life events. It is generally not recommended for more extreme mental health issues like schizophrenia or major depressive disorder. Limitations include the potential for clients to focus on secondary problems, the quick-solution focus possibly missing underlying issues, and the assumption that clients are always able to fix their problems, which may be frustrating if they want to discuss factors outside their immediate control.

SFBT shares a focus on the positive with positive psychology, considering the individual to be his or her own best advocate and source of solutions. Both assume the inherent competence of individuals, though this has provoked criticism when systemic factors are considered. Overall, SFBT is effective for clients who need help solving particular problems quickly, without extensive analysis of past issues.

中文翻译

什么是焦点解决疗法:3个核心技术

焦点解决疗法,也称为焦点解决短期治疗(SFBT),是一种更重视讨论解决方案而非问题的疗法。它起源于20世纪80年代的家庭治疗领域,由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格创立。SFBT的目标是尽快找到并实施问题的解决方案,以最大限度地减少治疗和挣扎的时间。它强调识别和利用优势来促进积极变化和实现目标。通过关注解决方案而非问题,来访者被赋能去设想和创造他们偏好的未来。像奇迹问题和评分这样的技术有助于澄清目标和跟踪进展,鼓励对挑战采取积极主动的方法。

焦点解决方法基于这样的理念:问题的解决方案通常存在于问题的“例外”中,即问题没有积极影响个体的时刻。这种方法是合乎逻辑的——要找到持久的解决方案,首先关注问题缺乏其通常效力的时刻是合理的。SFBT基于这样的假设:每个个体至少有一定程度的动机去处理他们的问题,并找到提高生活质量的方法。

SFBT中的流行技术包括应对问题、奇迹问题、最佳希望问题、例外问题和评分问题等。这些技术帮助来访者认识到自己的韧性,想象没有问题的未来,设定现实的目标,并跟踪进展。像“做一件不同的事”这样的练习帮助来访者打破问题模式,并建立让事情变得更好的策略。“预设改变”技术鼓励来访者关注生活中的积极变化,无论多么微小。

SFBT已成功应用于个体、夫妻和家庭治疗,处理从正常压力源到高影响生活事件的各种问题。它通常不推荐用于更极端的精神健康问题,如精神分裂症或重度抑郁症。局限性包括来访者可能关注次要问题,快速解决方案焦点可能忽略潜在问题,以及假设来访者总是能够解决他们的问题,如果他们想讨论超出其直接控制范围的因素,这可能会令人沮丧。

SFBT与积极心理学共享对积极的关注,认为个体是自己最好的倡导者和解决方案的来源。两者都假设个体的内在能力,尽管在考虑系统因素时这引发了批评。总的来说,SFBT对于需要快速解决特定问题而不需要深入分析过去问题的来访者是有效的。

文章概要

本文介绍了焦点解决短期治疗(SFBT)的基本概念、核心技术和应用。SFBT是一种强调解决方案而非问题的疗法,由德·沙泽尔和伯格在20世纪80年代创立,旨在快速帮助来访者实现目标。其理论基础是寻找问题的“例外”时刻,并利用个体的优势和动机。关键技术包括奇迹问题、评分问题和例外问题等,这些技术帮助来访者设定目标、跟踪进展并想象积极未来。SFBT适用于各种生活压力事件,但在严重精神健康问题中需谨慎使用。文章还讨论了SFBT的局限性及其与积极心理学的联系,突出了其在危机干预中目标设定的重要性。

高德明老师的评价

用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
想象一下,如果你有一个问题,比如考试没考好,焦点解决疗法不会一直问你为什么没考好,而是会问:“如果明天早上醒来,这个问题突然消失了,你的生活会是什么样子?”然后,它会帮你找到你以前考得好的时候是怎么做到的,让你用那些好方法再来一次。它就像是一个超级英雄,帮你快速找到解决问题的办法,而不是一直盯着问题看。

焦点解决心理学理论评价
焦点解决疗法展现了人类内在的智慧和韧性,它赞美每个个体都拥有解决问题的能力。通过关注“例外”时刻,它巧妙地引导人们看到自己已经具备的优势和成功经验,这种目标导向的视角极大地激发了人们的希望感和自主性。SFBT不纠缠于问题的根源,而是聚焦于未来可能性,这种积极假设为快速有效的干预提供了强大动力,体现了心理学中“少即是多”的智慧。

在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
焦点解决疗法可以在多个领域应用,包括:1. 学校心理咨询,帮助学生应对学习压力;2. 职场辅导,提升员工工作效能;3. 家庭治疗,改善亲子关系;4. 社区服务,支持居民生活适应;5. 医疗环境,辅助慢性病管理;6. 司法系统,促进行为改变;7. 社会组织,增强团队协作;8. 个人成长,实现自我突破;9. 危机干预,稳定情绪状态;10. 教育培训,培养积极心态。它可以解决人们的十个问题:1. 压力管理困难;2. 目标设定模糊;3. 人际关系紧张;4. 自我价值感低;5. 生活转变适应;6. 行为模式固化;7. 情绪调节挑战;8. 决策能力不足;9. 资源利用不充分;10. 未来方向迷茫。