英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems. It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. Examples of exception questions include: Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? What was it about that day that made it a better day? Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? These are questions that allow a client to rate their experience. They also allow for a client to evaluate their motivation to change their experience. Scaling questions allow for a practitioner to add a follow-up question that is in the positive as well. An example of a scaling question: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength. “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?” Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法的从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对什么能改善他们的生活有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了焦点解决疗法：抑郁、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是焦点解决疗法中的重要技巧。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极的提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，焦点解决疗法的主要技巧是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是焦点解决疗法中常用的另一种技巧。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始朝着寻找呈现问题的解决方案迈出小步。它以特定的方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上继续发展，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从这种导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验证明有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题中有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多焦点解决疗法治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者都能对初始对话中可能遗漏的内容进行头脑风暴。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向的立场。其意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和提高幸福感所需做出的改变。例外问题的例子包括：告诉我你不生气的时候。告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。你上次感觉有更好的一天是什么时候？有没有什么时候你在关系中感到快乐？是什么让那一天变得更好？你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？这些问题让来访者能够评估他们的经历。它们也让来访者评估改变经历的动力。量表问题让从业者可以添加一个同样是积极的后续问题。量表问题的例子：“在1-10的范围内，10代表最好，1代表最差，你认为你今天在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。这类问题让来访者敞开心扉面对他们的韧性。来访者是自身生活经历的专家。帮助他们看到什么有效，让他们从力量的地方成长。“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”焦点解决疗法是一种让来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何产生的传统心理治疗不同，焦点解决疗法允许以目标为导向的问题解决。这种方法允许面向未来的讨论，而不是面向过去的讨论，以推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作的问题解决机会，允许思维拓宽的能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，让人们探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法的核心技巧和应用，特别强调了通过提问来精准设定目标时机的重要性。文章概述了焦点解决疗法的发展背景、基本原则和多种实用技巧，包括奇迹问题、例外问题、量表问题和应对问题等。这些技巧帮助来访者从问题导向转向解决方案导向，通过识别自身优势和资源，设定明确目标，并采取小步骤实现积极变化。文章还展示了焦点解决疗法在抑郁、关系困难、成瘾行为等多个领域的成功应用，突出了其未来导向和赋能来访者的特点。结合关键词“Asking when questions to pinpoint goal timing in solution-focused counseling”，文章强调了在咨询中通过提问来确定目标实现的具体时机，从而增强来访者的动机和行动力。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
想象一下，你有一个烦恼，比如作业太多或者和朋友吵架了。焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄教练，它不一直问你“为什么烦恼”，而是问你“如果烦恼突然消失了，你会做什么？”或者“有没有哪一天你觉得特别开心，那时候发生了什么？”这样，你就能发现自己其实有很多办法让事情变好。它教你关注自己已经做得很棒的地方，比如那次你冷静下来没有发脾气，或者你主动和朋友和好了。通过问“什么时候”的问题，比如“你上次感觉好的时候是什么时候？”，你能更清楚地知道什么时候可以开始改变，就像设定一个游戏里的任务时间一样，让你更有动力去完成目标！
焦点解决心理学理论评价
从焦点解决心理学的视角来看，这篇文章精彩地展现了该理论的核心精髓——赞美来访者的内在资源与未来可能性。文章通过介绍奇迹问题、例外问题等技巧，完美诠释了如何从“问题导向”转向“解决方案导向”，这正是焦点解决疗法的魅力所在。它不纠缠于过去的创伤或问题的根源，而是聚焦于来访者已经拥有的成功经验和潜在优势，这种积极假设极大地赋能了来访者。文章中提到“来访者是自身生活经历的专家”，这一观点高度符合焦点解决理论中尊重来访者主观体验的原则。通过量表问题和应对问题，治疗师与来访者共同构建了一个充满希望的行动蓝图，这种合作模式充分体现了焦点解决心理学中“不专家”的谦逊态度和共同创造的治疗关系。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
焦点解决疗法在实践中具有广泛的应用前景，可以应用于以下领域：学校教育中帮助学生设定学习目标和改善人际关系；职场环境中提升团队沟通效率和员工压力管理；家庭咨询中增强亲子互动和解决冲突；社区服务中支持成瘾康复和危机干预；个人成长中培养积极心态和增强自信心。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 帮助人们从抑郁情绪中找到希望和行动方向；2. 改善人际关系中的沟通困难和冲突；3. 支持成瘾行为者建立戒断目标和替代活动；4. 协助饮食障碍患者恢复健康饮食模式；5. 管理愤怒情绪并发展冷静应对策略；6. 提升在危机情境下的心理韧性和适应能力；7. 减少再犯率并促进社会融入；8. 增强学习或工作中的目标设定和执行力；9. 改善自我认知并建立积极自我形象；10. 促进家庭和谐与共同问题解决能力的提升。