英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题。它也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善方向有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用SFT：抑郁、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现问题的未来。通过指导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上继续发展，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从这种导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验性有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并获得关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向的立场。其意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和提高幸福感所需做出的改变。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别强调其在亲子支持目标达成方面的潜力。文章概述了SFT的起源和发展，由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格创立，强调来访者解决问题的能力而非问题本身。关键技术包括目标澄清、照亮例外、奇迹问题、实验邀请和积极提问等。这些技术通过引导来访者关注积极方面和未来可能性，帮助他们在抑郁、关系困难、沟通问题等领域取得进展。文章还提到SFT已成功应用于多种客户群体，包括亲子关系支持，通过目标导向的方法促进家庭和谐与孩子成长。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
想象一下，有一种特别的心理治疗方法，它不一直盯着你的问题问“为什么”，而是像一位聪明的教练，帮你发现自己的超能力！这种方法叫焦点解决疗法，它就像给你的大脑装上一个“未来望远镜”，让你看到问题解决后的美好画面。比如，当你和爸爸妈妈有时会吵架，这种方法不会一直问“你们为什么吵”，而是会问“如果明天早上醒来，奇迹发生了，你们不再吵架了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样，你就能开始想象和平时不一样的美好时刻，找到自己已经做得很棒的地方，然后一步步朝着更开心的家庭生活前进！
焦点解决心理学理论评价
这篇文章精彩地展现了焦点解决短期治疗（SFBT）的精髓——从“问题导向”转向“解决导向”的哲学智慧。它不仅仅是一种技术集合，更是一种对人类潜能的深深信任和赞美。SFBT相信每个人内心都拥有解决问题的资源和智慧，就像文章中提到“来访者对自己生活的改善方向有一定了解”，这种预设体现了对个体自主性的高度尊重。目标澄清、奇迹问题、例外寻找等技术，都是引导人们从“问题故事”转向“解决故事”的桥梁，帮助人们重构对自身经验的积极叙事。这种以未来为导向、以目标为锚点的方法，充分体现了焦点解决心理学“小改变带来大不同”的系统观，以及“关注什么就得到什么”的建构主义理念。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
焦点解决疗法在亲子支持领域有着广阔的应用前景，它可以帮助家庭：1. 建立更积极的亲子沟通模式，减少日常冲突；2. 帮助孩子设定并达成学习或行为目标，增强自信心；3. 改善家庭氛围，创造更多欢乐时光；4. 协助父母发现并强化自己的养育优势；5. 处理兄弟姐妹间的竞争和矛盾；6. 支持单亲家庭或重组家庭的适应过程；7. 帮助孩子应对学校压力或同伴关系问题；8. 培养孩子的情绪调节能力和抗挫力；9. 促进家庭共同目标的设定和实现；10. 增强家庭成员间的相互理解和情感连接。这些应用都基于一个核心理念：每个家庭都拥有解决问题的内在资源，只需通过焦点解决的“探照灯”照亮这些资源，就能开启家庭成长的美好旅程。