英文原文
7 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques and Worksheets (+PDF)
Key Insights
* Solution-focused therapy emphasizes identifying strengths & resources to create tangible solutions rather than focusing solely on problems., * Techniques like the Miracle Question & scaling questions help clients envision positive outcomes & measure progress., * Worksheets & structured questions guide clients to set goals, track improvements & build confidence in their problem-solving abilities.,
Traditional therapy has historically been problem-focused. It has analyzed a person’s problems from where they started and how those problems have an effect on that person’s life. Out of years of observation of family therapy sessions, the theory and applications of solution-focused therapy developed. Let’s explore the therapy, along with techniques and applications of the approach.
5 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: * depression, * relationship difficulties, * drug and alcohol abuse, * eating disorders, * anger management, * communication difficulties, * crisis intervention, * incarceration recidivism reduction,
Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.
5 SFT Questions to Ask Clients
The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.
1. Miracle Question
Here is a clear example of how to administer the miracle question. It should be delivered deliberately. When done so, it allows the client to imagine the miracle occurring. “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988)
2. Presupposing change questions
A practitioner of solution-focused therapy asks questions in an approach derived way. Here are a few examples of presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?”
3. Exception Questions
Examples of exception questions include: 1. Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. 2. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. 3. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? 4. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? 5. What was it about that day that made it a better day? 6. Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life?
4. Scaling Questions
These are questions that allow a client to rate their experience. They also allow for a client to evaluate their motivation to change their experience. Scaling questions allow for a practitioner to add a follow-up question that is in the positive as well. An example of a scaling question: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur.
5. Coping Questions
These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength. “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT Techniques)
The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions. During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress. A method has developed from the Miracle Question entitled, The Miracle Method. The steps follow below (Miller & Berg, 1996). It was designed for combatting problematic drinking but is useful in all areas of change. * State your desire for something in your life to be different., * Envision a miracle happening, and your life IS different., * Make sure the miracle is important to you., * Keep the miracle small., * Define the change with language that is positive, specific, and behavioral., * State how you will start your journey, rather than how you will end it., * Be clear about who, where, and when, but not the why.,
A Take-Home Message
Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
7种焦点解决疗法技巧与工作表（+PDF）
关键见解
* 焦点解决疗法强调识别优势和资源以创造切实的解决方案，而不是仅仅关注问题。* 奇迹问题和量表问题等技巧帮助客户设想积极结果并衡量进展。* 工作表和有结构的问题指导客户设定目标、跟踪改进并建立解决问题的信心。
传统疗法历来以问题为中心。它分析一个人的问题从何开始以及这些问题如何影响该人的生活。经过多年对家庭治疗会议的观察，焦点解决疗法的理论和应用得以发展。让我们探索这种疗法，以及其技巧和应用方法。
5种焦点解决疗法技巧
焦点解决疗法是一种强调客户解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由Steve de Shazer和Insoo Kim Berg及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助客户朝着面向未来的方向前进。焦点解决疗法因其广泛的应用而成功应用于各种客户关注的问题。它也被用于各种客户群体。该方法假设客户对什么能改善他们的生活有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：* 抑郁症，* 关系困难，* 药物和酒精滥用，* 饮食障碍，* 愤怒管理，* 沟通困难，* 危机干预，* 减少再犯率。
目标澄清是SFT中的重要技巧。治疗师需要引导客户设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何客户关注的问题，SFT的主要技巧是照亮例外。治疗师将引导客户到他们生活中问题存在例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以锻造出解决方案的方法。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技巧。它是一个强大的工具，帮助客户转向解决方案导向。这个问题允许客户开始小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导客户进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请客户建立在已经有效的基础上，客户自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这允许客户的思维从该导向中拓宽和建立。利用实验上有效的方法允许客户找到解决手头问题有效和无效的方法。在与客户咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会议开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请客户提供更多信息允许治疗师和客户共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，客户会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便客户带着积极的目标导向离开。
5个向客户提问的SFT问题
焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向且以目标为导向的。意图是通过引导客户朝着希望和乐观的方向，引导他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需做出的改变。
1. 奇迹问题
这是一个如何实施奇迹问题的清晰示例。它应该慎重地提出。这样做时，它允许客户想象奇迹发生。“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹是把你带到这里的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，把你带到这里的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）
2. 预设变化问题
焦点解决疗法的从业者以一种方法衍生的方式提问。以下是预设变化问题的一些示例：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有瓦解？”
3. 例外问题
例外问题的示例包括：1. 告诉我你不生气的时候。2. 告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。3. 你上次感觉有更好的一天是什么时候？4. 有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？5. 那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？6. 你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？
4. 量表问题
这些是允许客户评估他们经验的问题。它们还允许客户评估他们改变经验的动机。量表问题允许从业者添加一个同样是积极的后续问题。量表问题的示例：“在1-10的范围内，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题允许客户探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。
5. 应对问题
这类问题打开客户的韧性。客户是他们生活经验的专家。帮助他们看到什么有效，允许他们从力量的地方成长。“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”
焦点解决短期疗法（SFBT技巧）
SFBT背后的主要思想是技巧是积极且以解决方案为中心的，允许客户在治疗中花费短暂的时间。总体而言，提高每个客户的生活质量，以他们为中心，掌握他们成长的主动权。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会话。在会话期间，设定目标。探索特定的实验行动并部署到客户的日常生活中。通过跟踪什么有效以及需要调整的地方，客户能够更好地跟踪他或她的进展。从奇迹问题发展出一种方法，称为奇迹方法。步骤如下（Miller & Berg, 1996）。它设计用于对抗问题性饮酒，但在所有变化领域都有用。* 陈述你生活中某事物不同的愿望。* 设想奇迹发生，你的生活确实不同。* 确保奇迹对你很重要。* 保持奇迹小。* 用积极、具体和行为的语言定义变化。* 陈述你将如何开始你的旅程，而不是你将如何结束它。* 清楚谁、哪里和何时，但不是为什么。
带回家的信息
焦点解决疗法是一种赋予客户拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。而不是传统心理治疗关注问题如何产生，SFT允许以目标为导向的焦点解决问题。这种方法允许面向未来的讨论，而不是面向过去的讨论，推动客户朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作的机会解决问题允许思维拓宽的能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，使人们能够探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心理念、五种关键技巧和五种目标设定问题。SFT强调识别客户的优势和资源，而非仅仅分析问题，通过奇迹问题、例外问题、量表问题、预设变化问题和应对问题等技巧，帮助客户设定目标、衡量进展并建立解决问题的信心。文章还概述了SFT的广泛应用领域，如抑郁、关系困难和危机干预，并提供了SFBT的短期治疗框架和奇迹方法步骤。整体上，SFT以未来为导向，赋能客户成为自己问题的解决者。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：这篇文章讲的是焦点解决疗法，就像玩游戏一样，不是一直盯着问题看，而是找找自己哪里做得好，然后想想如果问题突然解决了，明天早上会有什么不一样。比如，老师会问你：“如果今晚有个奇迹，你的烦恼没了，明天你会看到什么变化？”或者让你从1到10打分，看看自己今天感觉怎么样。这样可以帮助你设定小目标，慢慢变得更好。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：这篇文章精彩地展现了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心精髓，它完美地体现了“聚焦解决方案而非问题”的哲学。通过奇迹问题、例外问题等技巧，SFT巧妙地引导客户从过去的问题泥潭转向未来的可能性图景，这种目标导向的提问方式极大地激发了客户的内在资源和创造力。文章强调的客户中心原则和积极赋能视角，正是SFT理论中“客户是自身问题的专家”这一信念的生动实践，它赞美了每个人固有的成长潜力和解决问题的能力。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法在多个领域都有广阔的应用前景，例如教育领域可以帮助学生设定学习目标，职场中能提升团队沟通效率，家庭治疗里改善亲子关系。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 帮助人们从抑郁情绪中找到希望的小火花；2. 在关系冲突中发现曾经的美好时刻；3. 为药物滥用者描绘清醒生活的具体画面；4. 引导饮食障碍者关注身体感受良好的例外情况；5. 在愤怒管理中识别平静时刻的成功经验；6. 改善沟通困难时的积极对话模式；7. 危机干预中快速建立安全感和方向感；8. 帮助再犯者看到自己保持正直的潜力；9. 增强人们在压力下的心理韧性；10. 提升日常生活中的目标达成感和自我效能感。