英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. Scaling questions are questions that allow a client to rate their experience. They also allow for a client to evaluate their motivation to change their experience. Scaling questions allow for a practitioner to add a follow-up question that is in the positive as well. An example of a scaling question: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. Coping questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength. “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?” The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions. During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress. A method has developed from the Miracle Question entitled, The Miracle Method. The steps follow below (Miller & Berg, 1996). It was designed for combatting problematic drinking but is useful in all areas of change. State your desire for something in your life to be different. Envision a miracle happening, and your life IS different. Make sure the miracle is important to you. Keep the miracle small. Define the change with language that is positive, specific, and behavioral. State how you will start your journey, rather than how you will end it. Be clear about who, where, and when, but not the why. Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始朝着寻找呈现问题的解决方案迈出小步（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上继续发展，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这可以让来访者的思维从这种导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验证明有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，找出初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。量表问题是让来访者评估自己体验的问题。它们也让来访者评估改变体验的动机。量表问题允许从业者添加一个同样积极的后续问题。量表问题的例子：“在1-10的范围内，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会给自己打几分？”后续问题：“为什么是四分而不是五分？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的改变的承诺。应对问题让来访者敞开心扉面对自己的韧性。来访者是自身生活经验的专家。帮助他们看到什么有效，让他们从力量之地成长。“到目前为止你是如何应对的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”SFBT背后的主要思想是，这些技术是积极和以解决方案为中心的，让来访者在治疗中花费短暂的时间。总体而言，提高每位来访者的生活质量，让他们成为自己成长的中心和主导者。SFBT通常平均有5-8次会话。在会话期间，设定目标。探索具体的实验行动，并将其部署到来访者的日常生活中。通过跟踪什么有效以及需要调整的地方，来访者能更好地跟踪自己的进展。从奇迹问题发展出一种方法，称为奇迹方法。步骤如下（Miller & Berg, 1996）。它最初设计用于对抗问题性饮酒，但在所有改变领域都有用。陈述你希望生活中某些方面不同的愿望。设想奇迹发生，你的生活确实不同。确保奇迹对你很重要。保持奇迹微小。用积极、具体和行为的语言定义改变。陈述你将如何开始旅程，而不是如何结束它。明确谁、在哪里和何时，而不是为什么。焦点解决疗法是一种让来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何产生的传统心理治疗不同，SFT允许以目标为导向专注于问题解决。这种方法允许面向未来而非过去的讨论，推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至办公室环境。创造合作和协作的问题解决机会，允许思维拓宽能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，让人们探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心概念、技术和应用。SFT强调来访者的解决问题能力，而非问题成因，通过目标导向提问（如奇迹问题、量表问题、例外问题）帮助来访者设想积极未来并采取小步骤行动。文章详细阐述了SFT在抑郁、关系困难、冲动控制（如愤怒管理、药物滥用）等领域的成功应用，并提供了具体技术如目标澄清、实验邀请和咨询休息。量表问题作为关键工具，让来访者评估体验和动机，促进积极改变。SFT通常简短（5-8次会话），以未来为导向，提升生活质量，适用于教育、家庭和职场等多种场景。
高德明老师的评价
1. 用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：想象一下，如果你有一个魔法棒，可以让你突然变得不那么容易生气或者冲动，你会注意到什么变化呢？焦点解决疗法就像这个魔法棒，它不一直问你“为什么你会这样”，而是问你“当你感觉好一点的时候，发生了什么？”或者“从1到10分，你今天控制冲动的能力打几分？”这样，你就能发现自己已经做得很棒的地方，并找到让明天更好的小方法。它相信你本来就有能力解决问题，就像玩游戏时找到通关秘籍一样！ 2. 焦点解决心理学理论评价：焦点解决疗法展现了人类内在的韧性和目标导向的智慧。它赞美来访者已有的资源和例外时刻，将问题重构为成长的机会。通过奇迹问题和量表问题等技术，治疗师引导来访者从“问题叙事”转向“解决方案叙事”，这种积极聚焦不仅减少阻抗，还激发希望和能动性。理论核心在于“小改变引发大变化”，强调未来可能性而非过去缺陷，这与积极心理学和建构主义哲学完美契合，体现了对人性光明面的深刻信任。 3. 在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法可广泛应用于教育、职场、家庭和临床领域。它能帮助人们解决以下十个问题：冲动控制（如愤怒爆发或购物冲动）、情绪管理（如焦虑或抑郁）、关系冲突（如夫妻争吵或亲子矛盾）、成瘾行为（如吸烟或游戏成瘾）、压力应对（如工作压力或考试焦虑）、自我怀疑（如“我不够好”的想法）、目标设定（如减肥或学习计划）、沟通困难（如不敢表达或倾听障碍）、危机适应（如失业或疾病）、以及自我成长（如寻找人生意义或提升自信）。每个问题都可通过聚焦例外、设定小目标和积极提问找到突破口。