英文原文
Strength-Based, Solution-Focused Questions
The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center Module 3: Using Interactional Helping Skills to Achieve Lasting Change
Handout #15, Page 1 of 2
Strength-Based, Solution-Focused questions are types of questions that can be used to deepen understanding of the situation and explore solutions, ultimately leading to faster change.
Past Success Questions:
By focusing on the family’s past successes, you can learn, when he/she/the family was functioning well enough not to require child protective services intervention, with the goal of helping the family draw on their successes so they can again be independent.
It is empowering to the individual to realize that there was a period in his/her life when he/she was more successful than he/she feels now. It also identifies strengths for you to build upon.
• What discipline methods have worked with your daughter?
• What goals have you achieved so far in your life?
• What activities have you and your child enjoyed together in the past?
• What activities work best for your child when he/she is sad or angry?
• How have you handled this problem successfully in the past?
Exception Questions:
Are there occasions in the person’s life when their problems could have occurred but did not – or at least were less severe? Exception questions focus on who, what, when and where (the conditions that helped the exception to occur) - NOT WHY; exceptions should be related to client goals.
• Are there times when you have been able to express your anger without hurting someone and if so what did it look like?
• When have you been able to manage your son’s behavior without hitting him?
• What happened one time when you overcame feelings of depression/anger/sadness?
Scaling Questions:
Invite the clients to put their observations, impressions, and predictions on a scale from 0 to 10, with “0” being no chance, and “10” being every chance. Questions need to be specific, citing specific times and circumstances.
• On a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being not very much at all and 10 being as much as you can imagine, how confident are you about being able to do the tasks we listed in your Family Service Plan?
• What would help to move you one number higher on that scale?
• On a scale of 1 to 5, 1 being that it is a high priority and 5 being it is not a priority, how would you rank your priorities in resolving your current family or personal situation?
Strengths-Based, Solution-Focused Questions (cont’d)
The Pennsylvania Child Welfare Resource Center Module 3: Using Interactional Helping Skills to Achieve Lasting Change
Handout #15, Page 2 of 2
The Miracle Question:
The miracle question is the opening piece of the process of developing well-formed goals. It gives individuals permission to think about an unlimited range of possibilities for change. It begins to move the focus away from their current and past problems and toward a more satisfying life.
• If a miracle were to happen tonight while you were sleeping and when you woke up in the morning your life had changed, but you didn’t know that it had changed, you had to discover the change, what would you first notice would be different?
Follow-up Questions:
The interviewer further extends and amplifies the impact of the miracle by a series of questions designed to guide the person in exploring the implications of the miracle in the his/her life.
• What will be the first thing you notice that would tell you that a miracle has happened, that things are different?
• What might others (mother, father, spouse, partner, siblings, friends, work associates, teachers, etc.) notice about you that would tell them that the miracle has happened, that things are different or better?
• Have there been times when you have seen pieces of this miracle happen?
Coping Questions:
Attempt to help the family member shift his/her focus away from the problem elements and toward what they are doing to survive the painful or stressful circumstances. They are related in a way to exploring for exceptions.
• What have you found that is helpful in managing this situation?
• Considering how depressed and overwhelmed you feel, how is it that you were able to get out of bed this morning and make it to our appointment (or make it to work)?
• You say that you’re not sure that you want to continue working on your goals. What is it that has helped you to work on them up to now?
Indirect Questions:
Indirect questions invite the individual to consider how others might feel or respond to some aspect of his/her life, behavior or future changes. Indirect questions can be useful in asking the person to reflect on narrow or faulty perceptions without the worker directly challenging those perceptions or behaviors.
• At the coming court hearing, what changes do you think the judge will expect from you in order to consider returning your children?
• How do you think your children (spouse, relative, caseworker, employer) will react when you make the changes we talked about?
(Kim Berg, I., & Kelly, S., 2000; Saleeby, D., 2006; and, Shulman, L., 2006)
中文翻译
优势为本、焦点解决式问题
宾夕法尼亚州儿童福利资源中心模块3：使用互动帮助技能实现持久改变
讲义15，第1页，共2页
优势为本、焦点解决式问题是一种可以加深对情况的理解并探索解决方案的问题类型，最终导致更快的改变。
过去成功问题：
通过关注家庭的过去成功，你可以了解，当他/她/家庭功能良好到不需要儿童保护服务干预时，目标是帮助家庭利用他们的成功，以便他们再次独立。
对个人来说，意识到他/她生活中有一个时期比他/她现在感觉更成功，这是赋能的。它也识别出你可以建立的优势。
• 什么纪律方法对你的女儿有效？
• 到目前为止，你在生活中实现了什么目标？
• 过去你和你的孩子一起享受过什么活动？
• 当你的孩子悲伤或生气时，什么活动对他/她最有效？
• 过去你是如何成功处理这个问题的？
例外问题：
在个人的生活中，是否有问题可能发生但没有发生——或者至少不那么严重的场合？例外问题关注谁、什么、何时和何地（帮助例外发生的条件）——而不是为什么；例外应与客户目标相关。
• 是否有时候你能够表达你的愤怒而不伤害别人，如果有，那是什么样子？
• 什么时候你能够管理你儿子的行为而不打他？
• 有一次当你克服了抑郁/愤怒/悲伤的感觉时发生了什么？
量表问题：
邀请客户将他们的观察、印象和预测放在一个从0到10的量表上，其中“0”表示没有机会，“10”表示每个机会。问题需要具体，引用具体的时间和情况。
• 在1到10的量表上，1表示一点也不，10表示尽可能多，你对自己能够完成我们列在你的家庭服务计划中的任务有多自信？
• 什么会帮助你在那个量表上提高一个数字？
• 在1到5的量表上，1表示高优先级，5表示不是优先级，你会如何排名你解决当前家庭或个人情况的优先级？
优势为本、焦点解决式问题（续）
宾夕法尼亚州儿童福利资源中心模块3：使用互动帮助技能实现持久改变
讲义15，第2页，共2页
奇迹问题：
奇迹问题是制定良好目标过程的开端。它允许个人思考无限范围的变化可能性。它开始将焦点从他们当前和过去的问题移向更满意的生活。
• 如果今晚你睡觉时发生了一个奇迹，当你早上醒来时你的生活改变了，但你不知道它改变了，你必须发现变化，你首先会注意到什么不同？
后续问题：
访谈者通过一系列问题进一步扩展和放大奇迹的影响，这些问题旨在指导个人探索奇迹在他/她生活中的含义。
• 你会首先注意到什么，告诉你奇迹发生了，事情不同了？
• 其他人（母亲、父亲、配偶、伴侣、兄弟姐妹、朋友、工作同事、老师等）可能会注意到你什么，告诉他们奇迹发生了，事情不同或更好了？
• 是否有时候你看到过这个奇迹的片段发生？
应对问题：
试图帮助家庭成员将他/她的焦点从问题元素移向他们正在做什么来在痛苦或压力情况下生存。它们在一定程度上与探索例外相关。
• 你发现什么有助于管理这种情况？
• 考虑到你感觉多么抑郁和不堪重负，你是怎么能够今天早上起床并赴约（或上班）的？
• 你说你不确定是否想继续努力你的目标。是什么帮助你到目前为止努力它们？
间接问题：
间接问题邀请个人考虑其他人可能对他/她生活的某些方面、行为或未来变化感觉或反应如何。间接问题可以用于要求个人反思狭隘或错误的看法，而不需要工作者直接挑战那些看法或行为。
• 在即将到来的法庭听证会上，你认为法官会期望你做出什么改变，以便考虑归还你的孩子？
• 当你做出我们谈论的改变时，你认为你的孩子（配偶、亲戚、个案工作者、雇主）会如何反应？
（Kim Berg, I., & Kelly, S., 2000; Saleeby, D., 2006; and, Shulman, L., 2006）
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决心理学中的多种问题类型，包括过去成功问题、例外问题、量表问题、奇迹问题、后续问题、应对问题和间接问题，旨在通过优势为本的方法帮助个人和家庭识别目标、探索解决方案并实现持久改变。文章强调例外问题在识别客户目标中的作用，关注问题未发生或减轻的场合，以促进积极变化。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：这篇文章讲的是，当我们遇到困难时，可以问一些特别的问题来帮助自己。比如，想想过去什么时候事情做得很好，或者什么时候问题没有发生，这样就能找到自己的优点和办法，让生活变得更好。就像玩游戏时，找到过去的成功经验，可以帮助我们闯关一样。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：这篇文章展示了焦点解决心理学的核心原则，如优势为本和例外导向。通过例外问题，它巧妙地引导客户识别那些问题未发生或减轻的时刻，从而揭示内在资源和目标。这种方法赞美了客户的韧性和能力，将焦点从问题转向解决方案，体现了对未来的积极展望和可能性探索。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决心理学可以应用于家庭咨询、学校教育、职场辅导和个人成长等领域。它可以解决人们的十个问题，如提升自信心、改善亲子关系、管理情绪压力、增强应对能力、设定清晰目标、促进沟通技巧、克服抑郁焦虑、培养积极心态、实现个人转变和构建支持网络。这些应用都聚焦于赞美个体的努力、探索目标视角和激发未来可能性。