英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，并被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善方向有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一项技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验证明有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并获得关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。该信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向的立场。其意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需做出的改变。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别强调目标设定技巧在改善沟通能力方面的作用。SFT由德·沙泽尔和伯格发展，注重来访者解决问题的能力而非问题根源，通过目标导向提问帮助来访者面向未来。关键技术包括目标澄清、照亮例外、奇迹问题、实验邀请和积极提问，这些技巧已成功应用于抑郁症、关系困难、沟通困难等多个领域。文章指出，SFT通过引导来访者关注积极例外和未来可能性，促进希望和乐观，从而推动积极变化，特别适用于提升沟通技能等实践目标。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
想象一下，如果你和朋友吵架了，焦点解决疗法不会一直问“为什么吵架”，而是会问“如果明天早上醒来，吵架的问题突然解决了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样，你就能想到一些好办法，比如主动说话或者分享玩具，让关系变好。这种方法就像玩游戏，目标是找到通关的钥匙，而不是一直盯着关卡里的怪物。
焦点解决心理学理论评价
从焦点解决心理学的视角来看，这篇文章精彩地展现了SFT如何通过目标设定技巧赋能个体。它赞美了来访者内在的资源和能力，例如通过“照亮例外”技术，帮助人们发现生活中已经存在的成功沟通时刻，从而强化积极行为。文章强调的未来导向思维，如“奇迹问题”，引导人们从问题焦点转向解决方案焦点，这体现了SFBT的核心哲学——关注“什么有效”而非“什么错了”。这种积极框架不仅提升自我效能感，还促进希望和乐观，为持续成长奠定基础。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
在实践上，SFT的目标设定技巧可广泛应用于多个领域，如教育、职场、家庭和社区服务。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 改善家庭沟通，减少误解；2. 提升团队协作中的表达清晰度；3. 帮助青少年建立自信的社交技能；4. 缓解夫妻间的冲突对话；5. 增强公众演讲能力；6. 支持跨文化沟通适应；7. 促进客户服务中的积极互动；8. 辅助谈判中的目标达成；9. 改善亲子交流质量；10. 帮助个人在社交场合中更自在表达。这些应用都聚焦于赞美现有优势、设定具体沟通目标，并探索未来可能性，从而带来积极变化。