英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. Examples of exception questions include: 1. Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. 2. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. 3. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? 4. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? 5. What was it about that day that made it a better day? 6. Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师后逐渐发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于多种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对什么能改善他们的生活有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极的提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决问题的方法。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始朝着寻找呈现问题的解决方案迈出小步（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定的方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上构建，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从这种导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题中有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会议开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者都能对初始对话中可能遗漏的内容进行头脑风暴。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。例外问题的例子包括：1. 告诉我你不生气的时候。2. 告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。3. 你上次感觉有更好的一天是什么时候？4. 有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？5. 那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？6. 你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？这类问题让来访者敞开心扉面对他们的韧性。来访者是自身生活经验的专家。帮助他们看到什么有效，让他们从力量的地方成长。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别强调了通过“例外提问”来发掘目标的方法。SFT由德·沙泽尔和伯格等人发展，注重来访者的解决问题能力而非问题根源，已成功应用于抑郁症、关系困难等多个领域。关键技术包括目标澄清、奇迹问题、例外提问和实验邀请，其中例外提问帮助来访者识别生活中问题不存在的时刻，从而找到解决方案的线索。文章还提供了具体的例外问题示例，如询问不生气或最快乐的时刻，旨在增强来访者的韧性和自我效能感。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：这篇文章讲的是焦点解决疗法，它就像是一个超级英雄工具箱，帮助人们找到自己解决问题的方法，而不是一直盯着问题看。比如，如果你不开心，它会问你“什么时候你感觉开心一点？”这样你就能想起那些好时光，然后想办法让更多好时光出现。它相信每个人都有自己的超能力，可以克服困难，变得更强大！
焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学的视角来看，这篇文章精彩地展示了如何通过例外提问来发掘目标，这完全符合SFBT的核心原则——聚焦于解决方案而非问题。文章强调了来访者的内在资源和能力，赞美了他们已有的成功经验，这正是SFBT中“赞美”技术的体现。通过引导来访者关注例外时刻，治疗师帮助他们构建了一个积极、目标导向的未来愿景，这增强了来访者的希望感和自我效能感。文章中的技术如奇迹问题和实验邀请，都体现了SFBT的未来导向和可能性思维，鼓励来访者从小步骤开始，逐步实现改变。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法可以广泛应用于多个领域，包括教育、家庭治疗、职场辅导和社区服务。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 帮助人们从抑郁情绪中找到快乐时刻；2. 改善人际关系中的沟通困难；3. 支持药物或酒精滥用者发现戒断的成功经验；4. 协助饮食障碍患者识别健康饮食的时刻；5. 管理愤怒情绪，找到平静的例外；6. 在危机干预中快速建立希望感；7. 减少再犯率，通过强化积极行为；8. 提升学生的学习动力，关注进步而非不足；9. 增强职场员工的团队合作，聚焦成功案例；10. 帮助个人设定可实现的生活目标，基于过去的成功经验。