英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. 1. Miracle Question “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988) 2. Presupposing change questions A practitioner of solution-focused therapy asks questions in an approach derived way. Here are a few examples of presupposing change questions “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?” 3. Exception Questions Examples of exception questions include 1. Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. 2. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. 3. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? 4. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? 5. What was it about that day that made it a better day? 6. Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? 4. Scaling Questions These are questions that allow a client to rate their experience. They also allow for a client to evaluate their motivation to change their experience. Scaling questions allow for a practitioner to add a follow-up question that is in the positive as well. An example of a scaling question “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. 5. Coping Questions These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength. “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题。它也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活中哪些方面会改善有一定了解。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过指导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定的方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的基础上继续发展，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这可以让来访者的思维从这种导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题中哪些有效、哪些无效。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着对目标的积极导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向的立场。其意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路，从而实现视角转变。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和提高幸福感所需做出的改变。1. 奇迹问题 “现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，奇迹发生了。这个奇迹就是你带来的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，你带来的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）2. 预设变化问题 焦点解决疗法的从业者以一种衍生方式提问。以下是预设变化问题的几个例子 “是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？” “你是如何避免崩溃的？” “是什么让你没有崩溃？”3. 例外问题 例外问题的例子包括 1. 告诉我你不生气的时候。2. 告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。3. 上一次你感觉有更好的一天是什么时候？4. 有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？5. 那一天是什么让它变得更好？6. 你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？4. 量表问题 这些问题让来访者评估他们的体验。它们也让来访者评估改变体验的动机。量表问题允许从业者添加一个同样是积极的后续问题。量表问题的例子 “在1-10的量表上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题 “为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。5. 应对问题 这类问题让来访者展现他们的韧性。来访者是自身生活经验的专家。帮助他们看到什么有效，让他们从力量的地方成长。“到目前为止你是如何应对的？” “你做了什么来保持漂浮？” “什么在起作用？”
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFBT）中的目标设定提问技巧，包括奇迹问题、预设变化问题、例外问题、量表问题和应对问题。这些技巧旨在通过积极、未来导向的提问，帮助来访者识别自身优势、设定清晰目标并探索解决方案，从而提升治疗会谈的效果。文章强调了SFBT在多种客户群体中的广泛应用，以及其强调来访者自身能力和资源的核心原则。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容 想象一下，如果你有一个烦恼，比如作业太多或者和朋友吵架了。焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄教练，它不会一直问你“为什么烦恼”，而是会问你一些很酷的问题，比如“如果明天早上醒来，烦恼突然消失了，你会注意到什么不同？”或者“以前有没有一次你没有这么烦恼，那时候发生了什么？”这些问题帮你看到自己其实很厉害，能找到解决问题的小方法，就像玩游戏一样，一步步通关！焦点解决心理学理论评价 从焦点解决心理学的视角来看，这篇文章精彩地展现了SFBT的核心精髓——将关注点从问题本身转移到解决方案和未来可能性上。奇迹问题、例外问题等技巧不仅仅是工具，更是引导来访者从“问题叙事”转向“解决叙事”的桥梁。这种积极导向的提问方式，完美体现了SFBT相信每个人都拥有解决自身问题的资源和能力的核心理念。文章中对目标澄清和积极强化的强调，正是SFBT实践中“赞美来访者微小进步”和“构建希望感”的具体体现。在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题。焦点解决提问技巧可以广泛应用于心理咨询、学校教育、职场辅导、家庭关系和个人成长等多个领域。具体可以帮助人们解决以下十个问题 1. 帮助人们设定清晰、可实现的生活或工作目标。2. 增强人们在面对困难时的自信心和自我效能感。3. 改善人际关系中的沟通和冲突解决。4. 协助管理日常压力和焦虑情绪。5. 提升个人在学业或职业中的动力和表现。6. 帮助从挫折或失败中恢复并找到新的方向。7. 促进家庭内部更积极、支持性的互动模式。8. 协助个人识别并运用自身已有的优势和资源。9. 帮助人们在变革或过渡期更好地适应和规划。10. 培养更乐观、面向未来的生活态度和思维方式。