英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔和茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活中哪些方面会改善有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过指导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思他们在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向且以目标为导向的。其意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需做出的改变。焦点解决疗法是一种赋予来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何产生的传统心理治疗不同，SFT允许以目标为导向专注于问题解决。这种方法允许进行面向未来的讨论，而不是面向过去的讨论，以推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至在办公室环境中。创造合作和协作解决问题的机会，可以拓宽思维的能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，使人们能够探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，强调其以目标为导向、关注解决方案而非问题根源的特点。文章概述了SFT的发展背景、主要技术（如目标澄清、例外问题、奇迹问题、实验邀请等）以及其在情绪调节、关系改善等多个领域的成功应用。重点在于通过积极提问和未来导向的方法，帮助来访者设定目标、识别优势并采取小步骤实现情绪调节技能的提升。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄训练营，它不一直盯着你的问题看，而是帮你找到自己已经有的超能力，比如那些你心情好的时候或者事情顺利的时刻。治疗师会用一些有趣的问题，比如“如果明天一觉醒来问题突然解决了，你会注意到什么不同？”来帮你想象美好的未来，然后一起想一些小步骤去实现它。这种方法在很多地方都有用，比如帮助人们管理情绪、改善关系，让你感觉自己能掌控生活，朝着目标前进。
焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学的视角来看，这篇文章精彩地展现了该理论的核心精髓——赞美来访者的内在资源、聚焦于目标设定和未来可能性。文章强调了“例外”技术，这体现了SFBT对来访者优势的深度信任，认为即使在困境中，也存在成功的时刻可供挖掘。奇迹问题和目标澄清技术完美地诠释了如何将抽象的情绪调节需求转化为具体、可操作的目标，从而激发来访者的希望感和能动性。这种以解决方案为中心、而非问题分析的方法，充分体现了SFBT的简洁、高效和赋能特性，帮助来访者从“问题叙事”转向“解决方案叙事”，在情绪调节中建立积极的自我认同。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法在实践上可广泛应用于心理咨询、学校教育、职场培训、家庭辅导和社区服务等领域。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 帮助个体识别并设定情绪调节的具体目标，如从焦虑中平静下来；2. 增强在压力情境下的应对能力，提升心理韧性；3. 改善人际关系中的沟通冲突，促进和谐互动；4. 支持从抑郁情绪中恢复，找到生活动力和快乐时刻；5. 协助管理愤怒情绪，减少冲动行为；6. 提升在成瘾行为中的自我控制，建立健康习惯；7. 帮助在危机事件后重建安全感和希望；8. 促进学习或工作中的目标达成，提高效率；9. 增强自尊和自信，减少自我怀疑；10. 培养积极心态，在挑战中看到成长机会。这些应用都聚焦于赞美个体的努力、探索目标达成的路径和展望未来的积极变化。