英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. 1. Miracle Question: “Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved?” (de Shazer, 1988) 2. Presupposing change questions: “What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?” 3. Exception Questions: Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? What was it about that day that made it a better day? Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life? 4. Scaling Questions: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?” A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?” Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur. 5. Coping Questions: “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?” Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem. This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy, and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善方向有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有当前问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注生活中问题不存在的例外情况。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的时刻。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一项技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找当前问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者在已经有效的方法上继续发展，来访者会自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验证明有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题中有效和无效的部分。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在咨询开始时学到的内容。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，找出初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并获得关于当前问题的治疗性信息。该信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向且以目标为导向的。其意图是通过引导来访者走向希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和提高幸福感所需做出的改变。1. 奇迹问题：“现在，我想问你一个奇怪的问题。假设今晚你睡觉时，整个房子都很安静，一个奇迹发生了。这个奇迹是把你带到这里的问题解决了。然而，因为你在睡觉，你不知道奇迹已经发生。所以，当你明天早上醒来时，会有什么不同告诉你奇迹已经发生，把你带到这里的问题已经解决了？”（de Shazer, 1988）2. 预设变化问题：“是什么阻止了完全灾难的发生？”“你是如何避免崩溃的？”“是什么让你没有瓦解？”3. 例外问题：告诉我你没有生气的时候。告诉我你感到最快乐的时候。你上次感觉更好的一天是什么时候？有没有一次你在关系中感到快乐？那天是什么让它成为更好的一天？你能想到问题不在你生活中的时候吗？4. 量表问题：“在1-10的量表上，10代表最好，1代表最差，你今天会说自己在哪里？”后续问题：“为什么是四而不是五？”这样的问题让来访者探索积极方面，以及他们对需要发生的变化的承诺。5. 应对问题：“到目前为止你是如何管理的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”焦点解决疗法是一种让来访者拥有解决生活问题能力的方法。与关注问题如何产生的传统心理治疗不同，SFT允许以目标为导向专注于解决问题。这种方法允许进行面向未来的讨论，而不是面向过去的讨论，以推动来访者朝着解决当前问题的方向前进。这种方法用于许多不同领域，包括教育、家庭治疗，甚至办公室环境。创造合作和协作解决问题的机会，可以拓宽思维的能力。照亮选择之路是一种引人注目的方式，让人们探索他们究竟想如何在这个世界上展现自己。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别结合关键词“Goal exploration in SFBT for improving sleep hygiene habits”（焦点解决短期疗法中目标探索改善睡眠卫生习惯）。文章概述了SFT的起源和发展，强调其以目标为导向、面向未来的特点，而非传统的问题分析。重点介绍了五种关键技术：奇迹问题、预设变化问题、例外问题、量表问题和应对问题，这些技术帮助来访者识别优势、设定目标并采取小步骤实现改变。文章还提到SFT已成功应用于抑郁症、关系困难、药物滥用等多个领域，并强调其在改善睡眠习惯等具体问题中的潜力。通过积极提问和解决方案导向，SFT赋能来访者，促进希望和乐观，从而实现积极变化。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄工具箱，它不一直问你“为什么睡不着”，而是问你“如果明天早上醒来，你的睡眠问题突然解决了，你会注意到什么不同？”它帮你找到那些偶尔睡得好时的例外时刻，然后用这些好方法去创造更多好睡眠。就像玩游戏升级一样，它让你给自己打分，看看离好睡眠还有多远，并庆祝每一个小进步。焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学视角看，这篇文章完美体现了SFBT的核心原则——聚焦解决方案而非问题分析。它展示了如何通过奇迹问题、例外寻找和量表技术，将睡眠习惯改善的目标具体化、可视化。这种方法基于“来访者是自身问题的专家”这一信念，强调资源导向而非缺陷导向。文章中的技术如预设变化问题和应对问题，有效促进了来访者的自我效能感和希望感，这与SFBT的积极建构主义框架高度一致。在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 改善睡眠卫生习惯，如建立规律作息。2. 减少睡前焦虑，提升入睡质量。3. 增强白天精力管理，避免疲劳累积。4. 应对失眠引发的情绪波动。5. 培养健康的睡前放松仪式。6. 解决因压力导致的睡眠中断。7. 提升对睡眠控制的自信感。8. 改善与伴侣或家人的睡眠环境协调。9. 减少对安眠药物的依赖倾向。10. 建立长期可持续的睡眠自我调节能力。这些应用领域展现了焦点解决疗法在促进整体福祉方面的广泛潜力。