英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals. Compliments are frequently used in SFT, to help the client begin to focus on what is working, rather than what is not. Acknowledging that a client has an impact on the movement toward a goal allows hope to become present. Once hope and perspective shift occurs, a client can decide what daily actions they would like to take in attaining a goal. Higher levels of hope and optimism can predict the following desirable outcomes (Peterson & Seligman, 2004): achievement in all sorts of areas, freedom from anxiety and depression, improved social relationships, improved physical well being. Mind mapping is an effective intervention also used to increase hope and optimism. This intervention is often used in life coaching practices. A research study done on solution-focused life coaching (Green, Oades, & Grant, 2006) showed that this type of intervention increases goal striving and hope, in addition to overall well-being. Though life coaching is not the same as therapy, this study shows the effectiveness of improving positive behavior through solution-focused questioning. Mind mapping is a visual thinking tool that helps structure information. It helps clients to better analyze, comprehend, and generate new ideas in areas they might not have been automatically self-generated. Having it on paper gives them a reference point for future goal setting as well. Empathy is vital in the administration of SFBT. A client needs to feel heard and held by the practitioner for any forward movement to occur. Intentionally leaning in to ensure that a client knows that the practitioner is engaged in listening is recommended. Speaking to strengths and aligning those strengths with goal setting are important interventions in SFT. Recognizing and acknowledging what is already working for the client validates strengths. Self-recognition of these strengths increases self-esteem and in turn, improves forward movement. The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being. 5. Coping Questions These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength. “How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师一段时间后发展起来的。与积极心理学一样，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于各种来访者关注的问题，也被用于多种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对什么能改善他们的生活有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用了SFT：抑郁症、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的一项重要技术。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技术是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注他们生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技术。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和建立。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到在解决当前问题中什么有效、什么无效。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，找出初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。该信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。赞美在SFT中经常使用，以帮助来访者开始关注什么有效，而不是什么无效。承认来访者对朝着目标前进有影响，能让希望出现。一旦希望和视角转变发生，来访者可以决定他们希望采取哪些日常行动来实现目标。更高水平的希望和乐观可以预测以下理想结果（Peterson & Seligman, 2004）：在各个领域的成就、摆脱焦虑和抑郁、改善社会关系、改善身体健康。思维导图是一种有效的干预措施，也用于增加希望和乐观。这种干预常用于生活教练实践。一项关于焦点解决生活教练的研究（Green, Oades, & Grant, 2006）表明，这种类型的干预除了提高整体幸福感外，还能增加目标追求和希望。尽管生活教练与治疗不同，但这项研究显示了通过焦点解决提问改善积极行为的有效性。思维导图是一种视觉思维工具，帮助构建信息。它帮助来访者更好地分析、理解并在他们可能没有自动自我生成的领域产生新想法。将其写在纸上也为他们未来的目标设定提供了参考点。共情在SFBT的实施中至关重要。来访者需要感到被从业者倾听和支持，才能有任何前进的动力。建议有意倾身以确保来访者知道从业者在专注倾听。谈论优势并将这些优势与目标设定对齐是SFT中的重要干预措施。识别和承认对来访者已经有效的东西验证了优势。对这些优势的自我认识提高了自尊，进而改善了前进的动力。焦点解决疗法中提出的问题是积极导向的，并以目标为导向的立场。其意图是通过引导来访者朝着希望和乐观的方向，让他们走上积极变化的道路。结果和进展来自于关注为实现目标和增加幸福感所需做出的改变。5. 应对问题 这类问题让来访者敞开心扉面对他们的韧性。来访者是自身生活经验的专家。帮助他们看到什么有效，让他们从力量之地成长。“到目前为止你是如何应对的？”“你做了什么来保持漂浮？”“什么在起作用？”
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技术和应用，特别强调了应对问题在评估进展中的作用。SFT由德·沙泽尔和伯格等人开发，专注于来访者的解决问题能力而非问题根源，通过目标澄清、例外寻找、奇迹问题、实验邀请和应对问题等技术，帮助来访者转向未来导向的解决方案。文章指出，SFT已成功应用于抑郁症、关系困难、药物滥用等多个领域，并通过赞美、思维导图和共情等干预措施增强希望和乐观。应对问题如“你是如何应对的？”旨在挖掘来访者的韧性，让他们从自身优势中成长，从而在治疗会话中有效评估和推动进展。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：想象一下，你有一个问题，比如作业太难或者和朋友吵架了。焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄教练，它不一直问你“为什么问题会发生”，而是问你“你已经做了什么让事情变好一点点？”或者“如果明天早上问题突然解决了，你会注意到什么不同？”这样，你就能发现自己其实有很多办法，比如以前成功解决过类似问题的时候，或者你拥有的勇敢和聪明。它帮助你看到自己的闪光点，让你更有信心去面对挑战，就像玩游戏时找到隐藏的宝藏一样！ 焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学的视角来看，这篇文章精彩地展示了SFT如何通过积极导向的提问和技术，如应对问题，来赋能来访者。它强调了来访者作为自身生活专家的角色，通过挖掘例外和优势，构建解决方案而非深究问题。这种未来导向的方法与SFBT的核心原则高度一致，即关注“什么有效”和“如何更多”，从而促进希望和行动。文章中的应对问题（如“你是如何应对的？”）完美体现了资源导向，帮助来访者从韧性中汲取力量，这正是焦点解决心理学赞美来访者能力和潜能的体现。 在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：焦点解决疗法及其应对问题技术可以在多个领域应用，帮助人们解决以下十个问题：1. 提升自信心和自我效能感，通过识别个人优势；2. 改善人际关系，通过沟通技巧和冲突解决；3. 管理压力和焦虑，通过聚焦积极应对策略；4. 增强学习动力，通过设定小目标和庆祝进步；5. 克服拖延习惯，通过例外寻找和行动实验；6. 促进家庭和谐，通过共同目标设定和赞美；7. 支持职业发展，通过目标澄清和优势对齐；8. 应对生活变故，如失业或健康问题，通过韧性挖掘；9. 提升情绪调节能力，通过积极视角转换；10. 培养乐观心态，通过未来愿景构建。这些应用都基于赞美来访者的现有资源，激发他们朝着更美好的可能性前进。