英文原文
Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues. Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction. Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives. The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success: depression, relationship difficulties, drug and alcohol abuse, eating disorders, anger management, communication difficulties, crisis intervention, incarceration recidivism reduction. Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified. With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged. The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article. Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation. Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session. Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.
中文翻译
焦点解决疗法是一种强调来访者解决问题能力的治疗方法，而不是关注问题为何或如何产生。它是由史蒂夫·德·沙泽尔、茵素·金·伯格及其同事在威斯康星州一家心理健康机构观察治疗师后，经过一段时间发展起来的。与积极心理学类似，焦点解决疗法（SFT）从业者专注于以目标为导向的提问，帮助来访者朝着面向未来的方向前进。由于其广泛的应用性，焦点解决疗法已成功应用于多种来访者关注的问题，并被用于各种来访者群体。该方法假设来访者对自己生活的改善有一定了解。以下领域已不同程度地成功应用SFT：抑郁、关系困难、药物和酒精滥用、饮食障碍、愤怒管理、沟通困难、危机干预、减少再犯率。目标澄清是SFT中的重要技巧。治疗师需要引导来访者设想一个没有他们呈现的问题的未来。通过辅导和积极提问，这一愿景变得更加清晰。对于任何来访者关注的问题，SFT的主要技巧是照亮例外。治疗师将引导来访者关注生活中问题例外的领域。例外是指尽管存在问题，但事情进展顺利的地方。在例外中，可以找到解决方案的途径。“奇迹问题”是SFT中常用的另一种技巧。它是一个强大的工具，帮助来访者转向解决方案导向。这个问题让来访者开始采取小步骤寻找呈现问题的解决方案（Santa Rita Jr., 1998）。它以特定方式提出，并在本文后面概述。实验邀请是治疗师引导来访者进入解决方案导向的另一种方式。通过邀请来访者建立在已经有效的基础上，来访者自动关注积极方面。在积极心理学中，我们知道这能让来访者的思维从该导向中拓宽和构建。利用实验上有效的方法，让来访者找到解决当前问题有效和无效的方法。在与来访者咨询的后半段，许多SFT治疗师会休息一下，反思在会话开始时学到的东西。咨询休息和邀请来访者提供更多信息，让治疗师和来访者共同头脑风暴，思考在初始对话中可能遗漏的内容。休息后，来访者会得到赞美，并收到关于呈现问题的治疗性信息。该信息通常以积极的方式陈述，以便来访者带着积极的目标导向离开。
文章概要
本文介绍了焦点解决疗法（SFT）的核心技巧和应用，特别强调通过“例外发现”来提升沟通技能。SFT由德·沙泽尔和伯格发展，注重来访者的解决问题能力而非问题根源，使用目标导向提问如奇迹问题、例外问题、量表问题等。文章概述了SFT在抑郁、关系困难、沟通问题等领域的成功应用，并详细描述了如何通过照亮例外、实验邀请和积极反馈来帮助来访者构建解决方案。针对沟通技能提升，SFT通过寻找沟通顺畅的例外时刻，帮助个体识别自身优势，从而改善人际关系和互动效果。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：焦点解决疗法就像是一个超级英雄工具箱，它不一直盯着你的问题，而是帮你找到你已经做得很棒的时候！比如，如果你有时和同学聊天很开心，治疗师就会问你：“那次是怎么做到的？”这样你就能学会更多让沟通变好的方法。它用“奇迹问题”让你想象如果问题突然消失，生活会有什么不同，超级酷吧！
焦点解决心理学理论评价：从焦点解决心理学视角看，这篇文章精彩地展示了SFT如何通过例外发现和目标导向，赋能个体从问题焦点转向解决方案构建。它赞美了来访者内在的资源和能力，如沟通技能提升中的顺畅时刻，这正是SFBT核心理念的体现——关注“什么在起作用”而非“什么出了问题”。文章强调的奇迹问题和量表问题，都是未来导向的工具，帮助来访者可视化积极变化，增强希望感和自我效能。这种以优势为基础的方法，不仅减少了对病理的过度关注，还促进了快速、可持续的成长，完美契合了焦点解决心理学强调的小步骤改变和客户中心原则。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：SFT在沟通技能提升领域有广泛应用，例如在职场沟通、家庭对话、教育互动和社交关系中。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 改善团队协作中的误解；2. 增强伴侣间的倾听能力；3. 帮助青少年表达情感更自信；4. 减少会议中的冲突；5. 提升客户服务中的回应技巧；6. 支持教师与学生有效沟通；7. 缓解社交焦虑下的交流困难；8. 加强领导与员工的反馈循环；9. 促进跨文化沟通的顺畅；10. 帮助个人在争吵后重建对话。通过例外发现，个体能识别沟通成功时刻，从而复制积极模式，未来在人际关系中创造更多和谐与理解。